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Anatomy > Thoracic cavity and lungs > Flashcards

Thoracic cavity and lungs Flashcards

1
Q

What are the bones of the thorax

A

thoracic vertebrae, 12 pairs of ribs, sternum

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2
Q

What is the thoracic skeleton

A

an osseo-cartilaginous cage, containing and protecting the principal organs of respiration and circulation.

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3
Q

What is the infrasternal angle

A

The angle between the 2 costal arches

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4
Q

What do the costal cartilages of the ribs articulate with

A

The 1st costal cartilage articulates with the manubrium. The 2nd one articulates with the joint between the manubrium and the body. 3rd – 6th/7th articulate with the body. They are flexible. The lowest 4 costal cartilages (7th, 8th, 9th, 10th) join onto one another in series forming the costal arch

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5
Q

What is a costochondral junction

A

where cartilages join the ribs

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6
Q

What is the rib classified as

A

a flat bone

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7
Q

What are the 2 thickenings at the back of the rib and what is it separated by

A

the head and tubercle, they are separated by the neck

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8
Q

What does the angle of the rib mark

A

the insertion of the iliocostalis (a back muscle)

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9
Q

Why is the rib hollowed out at the front

A

for the attachment of the costal cartilages

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10
Q

Why does the inner aspect of the rib have a groove

A

it is where the intercostal muscles and nerve run

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11
Q

What is the function of the ribs

A

to protect the organs in the thoracic cavity, assists in respiration, and provides support for the upper extremities

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12
Q

What is a scalene tubercle

A

feature of atypical rib (scalene = irregular).

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13
Q

Which ribs are the true ribs

A

. 1-7. Originated from the vertebra and join to the sternum through costal cartilages

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14
Q

Which ribs are the false ribs

A

Ribs 8,9,10. Originate from vertebra and attach to sternum by joining cartilages of ribs 6 + 7.

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15
Q

Which ribs are the floating ribs

A

11 + 12. Originate from vertebra but don’t attach anywhere.

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16
Q

Which ribs are the typical ribs

A

3-9

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17
Q

Which ribs are the atypical ribs

A

1,2,10,11,12

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18
Q

What are the 3 parts of the sternum

A

manubrium, the body and xiphoid process

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19
Q

How is the manubrium attached to the body of the sternum

A

a cartilaginous joint

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20
Q

Where is the sternal angle

A

angle between the manubrium and the body

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21
Q

What is the joint between the sternum and clavicle called

A

the sternoclavicular joint

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22
Q

Where does the xiphoid process project in to

A

downwards in the infrasternal angle

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23
Q

What structures can be found at the sternal angle

A

joint between T4 and T5, second rib articulation, aortic arch, xygous vein, ligamnetum arterious, left recurrent, laryngeal nerve, bifunction of the pulmonary tongue, bifurcation of the trachea.

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24
Q

What is the inferior thoracic apeture

A

large opening formed on each side by the costal arch and the last 2 ribs, filled in by the diaphragm

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25
Q

What forms the superior thoracic aperture

A

The smaller opening at the top which is formed by the manubrium and the first ribs, and the first thoracic vertebra

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26
Q

What does the spine consist of

A

Consists of 24 vertebrae, the sacrum (5 vertebral segments fused together), and coccyx (consists of ¾ tiny segments).

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27
Q

What does the sacrum articulate with

A

the 2 innominate bones to form the pelvis.

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28
Q

How many cervical thoracic and lumbar vertebra are there

A

7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae

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29
Q

What does the vertebral foramen create

A

a tubular space called the vertebral canal which is what the spinal cord goes through.

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30
Q

What is a pendicle

A

is a small notch in the upper edge, larger notch in the lower edge

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31
Q

What do the 2 pendicles form

A

an opening - the intervertebral foramen

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32
Q

What does the neural arch enclose

A

the spinal cord

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33
Q

What arises from the neural arch

A

2 x transverse process and 1 spinous process

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34
Q

What is the function of the processes

A

These protect the spinal cord and give attachment to ligaments an muscles and to articulate with the adjoining vertebrae

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35
Q

What are the 4 articular processes

A

2 above that face backward, and 2 below that face forward

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36
Q

What forms when the articular processes interlock

A

a pair of synovial joints which permit movement

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37
Q

What shape is the vertebral foramen in the cervical vertebra

A

large and triangular

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38
Q

What forms the neural arch in the cervical vertebrae

A

by 2 straight laminaes

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39
Q

How long are the pedicles on cervical vertebra

A

short

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40
Q

Describe the spinous process on cervical vertebra

A

short and ends in a double point

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41
Q

What is the articulate pillar

A

the mass of bone in between the articulate facets

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42
Q

Where does the transverse process arise on a cervical vertebra

A

from the side of the body and from the side of the articulate pillar

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43
Q

What is the transverse foramen

A

The hole in the transverse process which is where the vertebral artery passes

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44
Q

Describe the transverse process on a cervical vertebra

A

it is shaped like a gutter pointing downwards, ends in an anterior and posterior tubercle (where the scalene muscles attach).

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45
Q

What are the first 2 cervical vertebra called

A

the atlas and axis

46
Q

How is the 7th cervical vertebra different from the rest

A

it has a long spinous process, ending in a single point, forms small prominence on the back of the neck.

47
Q

Movements of cervical vertebra

A

flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation. Most movement occurs at the joint between the atlas and axis vertebrae.

48
Q

Why is the cervical vertebra the most mobile part of the spine

A

due to the curved shape of their bodies

49
Q

How does the thoracic vertebra articulate with the ribs

A

it articulates at 2 points; at the end of the transverse process and where the pedicle meets the body.

50
Q

How do the transverse and spinous process overlap on thoracic vertebra

A

. The transverse process point sideways, the spinous process point downwards, each one overlapping the one below

51
Q

Why is their little movement in thoracic vertebra

A

because of the presence of the ribs and because of the way the spinous processes are arranged

52
Q

Movements of thoracic vertebra

A

small amount of forward flexion, lateral flexion and rotation.

53
Q

How are the external intercostal muscles connected

A

They extend from the tubercles of the ribs behind, round to the middle of the costal cartilages in front.

54
Q

What directions do the fibers run in external intercostal muscles

A

from above, downward

55
Q

What does action of external intercostal muscles do

A

produces an upward and forward movement of the anterior chest wall

56
Q

How do scalene muscles help with inspiration

A

by moving the first and second ribs and the manubrium

57
Q

What are the 3 scalene muscles

A

anterior, middle and posterior

58
Q

Where does the anterior scalene muscle arise

A

from the tubercles of the transverse processes from C3 to C6 and inserts on the first rib.

59
Q

Where does the middle scalene muscle arise

A

arises from the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes from C2 to C6 and inserts more posteriorly on the first rib

60
Q

Where does the posterior scalene muscle arise from

A

from the posterior tubercles from C4 to C6 and inserts on second rib.

61
Q

Where are the internal intercostal muscles

A

lie beneath the external ones

62
Q

What direction do internal intercostal muscles run

A

runs from slightly left on rib below to slightly right on rib above - runs forward, from below, upward.

63
Q

What movement do the anterior chest walls create

A

Moves anterior chest wall downwards and backwards.

64
Q

How do the muscles of the abdomen effect the pressure and what effect does this have

A

abdomen raise the intra-abdominal pressure, so push the diaphragm up and pull the lower ribs downwards, assisting the action of the internal intercostal muscles.

65
Q

Which muscles are present but unimportant during expiration

A

Levatus of the ribs and the serratus posterior muscles on the outside, and the transversus thoracis and innermost intercostal muscles on the inside

66
Q

Where is the costal groove

A

along the inferior margin of the superior rib and pass in between the layer of 2 muscles

67
Q

What lies in the costal groove

A

intercostal nerves, associated arteries and veins (VAN)

68
Q

What is the endothoracic fascia

A

layer of loose connective tissue

69
Q

What does the endothoracic fascia separate

A

separates the nerve, artery and vein from the underlying pleura, it is deep into the intercostal spaces and ribs.

70
Q

Where does the intercostal nerve pass

A

laterally around the thoracic wall in an intercostal space

71
Q

What is the largest branch of the intercostal nerve

A

The lateral cutaneous branch

72
Q

Where does the lateral cutaneous nerve pass through

A

pierces the lateral thoracic wall and divides into an anterior branch and a posterior branch that innervate the overlying skin.

73
Q

How do the intercostal nerves end

A

as anterior cutaneous branches , which emerge either parasternally, between adjacent costal cartilages, or laterally to the midline, on the anterior abdominal wall, to supply the skin.

74
Q

Where do the lungs extend

A

from the ribs in front to the ribs in back, and from the dome of the pleural cavity, down to the diaphragm

75
Q

What occupies the space between each lung

A

the heart, great blood vessels, fat, lymph nodes and in childhood by the thymus gland

76
Q

What occupies the space between the posterior lungs

A

the vertebral bodies

77
Q

What are the 3 surfaces of the lung

A

The medial/mediastinal surface, concave inferior surface, large convex costal surface

78
Q

What marks the medial surface of the lung

A

the hilum, where the bronchi and blood vessels enter

79
Q

What marks the concave inferior surface

A

rest of the diaphragm

80
Q

What marks the large convex costal surface

A

faces the rib cage

81
Q

What are the features of the lung

A

apex, base, oblique fissure and transverse fissure

82
Q

What are the lobes of the right lung

A

superior, middle and inferior lobe

83
Q

What are the lobes of the left lung

A

superior and inferior lobe

84
Q

What part of the lung does the visceral pleura cover

A

completely covers the surface of the lung, except at the hilum where it is continuous with the parietal pleura

85
Q

Where is the margin of the lung on the mid-clavicular line

A

6th rib (R), 4th rib (L) with the margin of pleura on the 8th rib.

86
Q

Where is the margin of the lung on the mid-axillary line

A

8th rib and the pleura is 10th rib

87
Q

Where is the margin of the lungs on the mid-scapula line

A

10th rib with the pleura on the 12th rib

88
Q

How does the bronchus differ on the right compared to the left

A

Right principle bronchus, is wider and more vertical.

89
Q

Why is the recovery position on the left

A

If someone chokes, then it is more likely to go to the right, so in the recovery position we put someone on to the left.

90
Q

What is the hilum of the lung

A

The hilum (root) is a depressed surface at the center of the medial surface of the lung and lies anteriorly to fifth through seventh thoracic vertebrae. Structures enter and leave through the hilum.

91
Q

Name the structures of the hilum in the left lung from superior to inferior

A

Pulmonary artery, bronchus, pulmonary veins

92
Q

Name the structures of the hilum in the right lung from superior to inferior

A

Bronchus, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins

93
Q

What is pulmonary collapse

A

something has punctured the parietal layer causing air to enter pleural cavity causing the lung to deflate. Can also occur when the lung and visceral pleura is damaged, resulting in air filling the pleural cavity, causing a pneumothorax as well (seen in COPD).

94
Q

What separates the thoracic cavity into 2 separate cavities

A

the mediastinum - extends from the vertebral bodies behind, to the sternum in front.

95
Q

What is in the mediastinum

A

The heart, great blood vessels, the oesophagus and the trachea

96
Q

Where is the pleura in the posterior part of the body

A

Th pleura is reflected off the vertebral bodies, and onto the mediastinum. Behind the sternum, the pleura continues round, onto the front of the chest wall

97
Q

Where is the pleura located in context of the diaphragm

A

Below the pleura is reflected off the chest wall and onto the diaphragm, then off the diaphragm into the mediastinum

98
Q

Where is the pleura located in context to the superior aspect of the mediastinum

A

Above the pleura fills in the gap that is created by the curvature of the first rib

99
Q

What is the highest part of the pleura known as

A

the dome or cupola of the pleura

100
Q

What happens to the superior part of the pleura when the pressure inside the chest raises

A

the dome of the pleura is level with the proximal end of the first rib but when pressure increases it raises above the first rib

101
Q

What happens when the volume of the cavity is increased

A

the parietal pleura exerts a pull on the visceral pleura, the lung expands and we breathe in.

102
Q

Describe the pleura at the 1st rib

A

above the mid point of medial 1/3 of clavicle

103
Q

Describe the pleura at the second rib

A

pleura from both sides meet in the mid line

104
Q

Describe the pleura at the 4th rib

A

The left side pleura deviates from midline to acommodate the heart

105
Q

Describe the pleura at the 6th rib

A

the right sided pleura continue parasternally to 6th rib

106
Q

What happens to the pleura at the 8th rib

A

both pleura diverge and cross the mid-clavicular line

107
Q

What happens to the pleura at the 10th rib

A

both pleura diverge and cross the mid-axillary line

108
Q

What happens at the 12th rib

A

both reach the posterior chest just below the 12th rib

109
Q

Where are the lungs in relation to the pleura

A

2 spaces above the pleura

110
Q
A

Anatomy (21 decks)

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