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Anatomy > Posterior abdominal wall > Flashcards

Posterior abdominal wall Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 parts of the abdominal aorta

A

ascending aorta, aortic arch, thoracic aorta and abdominal aorta.

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2
Q

Where does the abdominal aorta begin

A

at T12

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3
Q

How does the aorta enter the diaphragm

A

the aortic opening

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4
Q

Where does the abdominal aorta lie

A

It lies to the left of the inferior vena cava within the retroperitoneal space.

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5
Q

What are the 3 main branches of the abdominal aorta

A

coeliac trunk, superior mesenteric artery and inferior mesenteric artery.

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6
Q

How does the abdominal aorta end

A

Ends at L4, by giving off the median sacral artery and bifurcating into right and left iliac arteries

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7
Q

Name the 3 large paired lateral branches of the abdominal aorta

A

supra-renal, renal and gonadal branches

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8
Q

Name the 5 paired abdominal wall branches of the aorta

A

inferior phrenic artery and 4 lumbar arteries

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9
Q

Name the unpaired visceral arteries of the aorta

A

coeliac trunk, superior mesentery, inferior mesenteric.

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10
Q

Name the paired visceral arteries of the aorta

A

suprarenal, renal, gonadal (testicular or ovarian)

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11
Q

Name the paired parietal arteries of the aorta

A

inferior phrenic, lumbar

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12
Q

Name the unpaired parietal arteries of the aorta

A

median sacral

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13
Q

What is a tributary

A

a small river or stream flowing into a large river

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14
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the alimentary tract etc…

A

Alimentary tract, liver, spleen and pancreas (lymphatic vessels travel along the coeliac trunk, superior mesenteric artery and inferior mesenteric artery to)  Pre-aortic lymph nodes (coeliac, superior and inferior mesenteric nodes) – scattered around the origin of these arteries  (efferent vessels from these nodes join to form)  intestinal lymphatic trunk

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15
Q

What is alimentary

A

nourishment, sustenance

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16
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the posterior abdominal wall

A

Posterior abdominal wall, kidneys, ureters and testes or ovaries  (the lymphatic vessels drain into  lumbar lymph nodes (lie on IVC and aorta)  (efferent vessels from nodes join to form)  lumbar lymphatic vessels.

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17
Q

What forms the lumbar plexus

A

Formed from anterior rami from L1 – L4, also received fibred from thoracic nerve T12

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18
Q

Name the 6 main nerves that come off the lumbar plexus

A

iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal, genitofemoral, lateral femoral cutaneous, obturator, femoral nerves

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19
Q

Where do the iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal, lateral femoral cutaneous, femoral nerves arise from

A

lateral aspect of psoas major

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20
Q

What branches does the genitofemoral branches split into

A

genital and femoral branches

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21
Q

Where does the genitofemoral branch emerge

A

anterior to the posaos major

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22
Q

Where does the obturator nerve emerge

A

medial to the psoas

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23
Q

Which nerves come from L1 root

A

Iliohypogastric nerve (superior) and ilioinguinal nerve (inferior

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24
Q

Which nerve comes from L1 and L2

A

Genitofemoral nerve

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25
Q

What nerve comes from L2 and L3

A

Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve

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26
Q

Which nerve comes from L2, L3 and L4

A

obturator nerve

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27
Q

What nerve comes from L2, L3 and L4

A

femoral nerve

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28
Q

What is the subcostal nerve

A

a branch from T12 and contributed to the lumbar plexus

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29
Q

What are the 2 branches that can come off L3 and L4

A

the acessory obturator nerve

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30
Q

What are the 2 little nerves that come off the femoral nerve

A

Muscular branches if the psoas and iliacus muscle

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31
Q

What does the iliohypogastric nerve innervate

A

muscles of abdominal wall. Skin of suprapubic region.

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32
Q

What does the ilioinguinal nerve innervate

A

muscles of abdominal wall, skin of the anteromedial part of the thigh, skin of scrotum and root of penis (male), skin of labia majora and root of clitoris (female)

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33
Q

What does the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh innervate

A

skin of the anterolateral part of the thigh

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34
Q

What does the femoral nerve innervate

A

iliacus, muscles of the thigh that flex the thigh and extend the knee

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35
Q

What does the genitofemoral nerve innervate

A

genital branch – cremaster muscle, skin of anterior scrotum (male), skin of labia majora and mons pubis (female). Femoral branch – skin of upper and anterior part of thigh.

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36
Q

What does the obturator nerve innervate

A

abductor muscles of the thigh

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37
Q

Name the 5 main muscles if the posterior abdominal wall

A

quadratus lumborum, psoas major, psoas minor, iliacus, diaphragm (posterior parts

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38
Q

Where do the 5 main muscles of the posterior abdominal wall sit

A

The psoas major and minor sit medially. The iliacus sits inferiorly. The diaphragm sits at the top, superiorly. The quadratus lumborum sits posteriorly and laterally.

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39
Q

Where does the psoas major attach to the vertical bodies

A

T12-L5, infront of the transverse process

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40
Q

Where does the psoas major insert

A

lesser trochanter of the femur

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41
Q

What is the function of psoas major

A

. It flexes the thigh at the hip joint. Can also flex the vertebra in the supine position.

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42
Q

What innervates psoas major

A

anterior rami of spinal nerves L1-L3

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43
Q

Where is psoas major in relation to psoas minor

A

psoas minor sits on top of major

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44
Q

Where does psoas minor originate

A

bodies of T12-L1

45
Q

Where does psoas minor insert

A

inserts on the pectineal line and the iliopubic emin

46
Q

What innervates psoas minor

A

anterior rami of L1

47
Q

What i the function of psoas minor

A

Acts as a weak flexor for the vertebral column

48
Q

Where does iliacus sit

A

in the iliac fossa

49
Q

Where does iliacus insert

A

passes under inguinal ligament to insert on lesser trochanter of femur

50
Q

What is the function of iliacus

A

It flexes the thigh at the hip joint

51
Q

What innervates iliacus

A

femoral nerve

52
Q

Where does quadratus lumborum originate

A

on the iliac crest and on the transverse process of lumbar vertebra L5 and the iliolumbar ligament

53
Q

What is the iliolumbar ligament

A

connects the lumbar vertebra to the inside of the ilium

54
Q

Where does quadratus lumborum insert

A

onto the transverse process of L1-L4 and onto the inferior margin of the 12th rib

55
Q

What is the function of quadratus lumborum

A

Laterally flexes the spine and depress the rib

56
Q

What innervates quadratus lumborum

A

anterior rami of T12 and L1-L4 spinal nerves

57
Q

What does the diaphragm line

A

the inferior thoracic apeture

58
Q

How is the diaphragm attached to lumbar vertebra

A

by crura

59
Q

What innervates the diaphragm

A

phrenic nerve

60
Q

Where does psoas major run

A

It runs down, across the ala of the sacrum, across the sacroiliac joint and along the pelvic brim

61
Q

How does iliopsoas form

A

The medial fibres of iliacus and the lateral fibers of psoas major join, forming a single muscle belly (the iliopsoas)

62
Q

What covers iliopsoas

A

iliopsoas fascia which is covered by peritoneum

63
Q

What is the sacral promontory

A

marks the beginning of the pelvic inlet

64
Q

Where are the kidneys located

A

in front of the 11th and 12th ribs

65
Q

Where is the left renal vein

A

crosses in front of the aorta, just below the origin of the superior mesenteric artery

66
Q

Where does the right renal artery pass

A

passes steeply backwards to reach the right kidney.

67
Q

Where do the renal arteries arise

A

just below the superior mesenteric artery, and pass sharply backwards to reach the kidneys

68
Q

Where do the kidneys lie

A

on each side of the great midline prominence

69
Q

What enters the kidney hilum (anterior to posterior)

A

renal vein, renal artery and renal pelvis

70
Q

What does the renal pelvis become continuous with

A

the ureter

71
Q

What is the renal sinus

A

At the hilum, the surface of the kidney is rolled inward, creating a deep oval pocket

72
Q

What happens in the renal sinus

A

the artery and vein divide into numerous branches

73
Q

What forms the renal pelvis

A

is formed by a range of broad drainage channels, each one is called a caylx

74
Q

What does each major calyx do

A

branch into several minor ones

75
Q

Hoe does each minor calyx end

A

in a trumpet like widening - attaches to the surface of the kidney that faces in towards the renal sinus

76
Q

At the end of each calyx what happens to the kidney

A

the solid tissue of the kidney projects inwards into a mound/ridge called a papilla

77
Q

What is the solid tissue of the kidney called

A

renal parenchyma

78
Q

What is the medulla continuous with

A

each papilla

79
Q

Is the cortex inner or outer

A

outer

80
Q

What happens towards the tip of each papilla in the kidney

A

the collecting tubules converge and open into the calyces

81
Q

How long are uretrs

A

25-30cm long

82
Q

where do the ureters pass

A

Pass over the pelvic brim at the bifurcation of the common iliac arteries

83
Q

Where are the 3 sites that kidney stones can block ureters

A

Site 1 – at the junction of the ureters and renal pelvis. Site 2 – where the ureters cross the pelvic brim. Site 3 – during their passage through the wall of urinary bladder.

84
Q

Where do the adrenal glands lie

A

just above the kidney

85
Q

Where does the inferior vena cava lie in relation to the adrenal glands

A

just in front of the right adrenal gland

86
Q

Where does the left adrenal gland lie

A

in front of the upper part of the left kidney close to the left crus of the diaphragm

87
Q

What is the outer part of the adrenal gland called

A

cortex

88
Q

What does the cortex of the adrenal gland secrete

A

corticosteroids

89
Q

What is the darker inner layer of the adrenal gland called

A

medulla

90
Q

What does the medulla of the adrenal gland secrete

A

adrenaline and noradrenaline

91
Q

What is the shape of the right adrenal gland

A

pyramidal shape

92
Q

What is the shape of the left adrenal gland

A

crescentic shaped

93
Q

What is the superior blood supply to the adrenal gland

A

inferior phrenic artery

94
Q

What is the middle blood supply to the adrenal gland

A

aorta

95
Q

What is the inferior blood supply to the adrenal gland

A

renal artery

96
Q

What is the diaphragm

A

A double-domed, musculotendinous partition that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities.

97
Q

What is the central tendon of the diaphragm called

A

aponeurotic part

98
Q

Where does the right crura pass

A

arises from the anterior surfaces of the bodies and intervertebral discs of the lumbar vertebrae (specifically L1-L3). It ascends to attach to the central tendon of the diaphragm. The right crus passes behind the esophagus as it ascends.

99
Q

Where does the left crura pass

A

arises from the bodies and intervertebral discs of the upper two or three lumbar vertebrae (L1-L2 or L1-L3) and ascends to attach to the central tendon of the diaphragm. The left crus also passes behind the esophagus as it ascends.

100
Q

What is the median arcuate ligament

A

The median arcuate ligament is a fibrous band that arches over the aorta and originates from the sides of the diaphragmatic crura. It forms the superior border of the aortic hiatus, a passageway through which the aorta, thoracic duct, and azygos vein pass as they traverse between the chest and abdomen.

101
Q

What is the medial arcuate ligament

A

he medial arcuate ligament is also known as the “crura diaphragmatis” or “lumbar arch.” It is formed by the thickened inferior border of the diaphragm near the crura. The medial arcuate ligament extends from the sides of the vertebral bodies of the first and second lumbar vertebrae (L1 and L2) to the sides of the aorta. It forms part of the posterior boundary of the aortic hiatus.

102
Q

What is the lateral arcuate ligament

A

The lateral arcuate ligament is the least well-defined of the three arcuate ligaments. It is a thin fibrous band that stretches from the tips of the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae to the psoas major muscle and the quadratus lumborum muscle. The lateral arcuate ligament contributes to the formation of the lateral boundary of the aortic hiatus.

103
Q

Where is the caval opening

A

T8

104
Q

What passes through the caval openung

A

IVC and right phrenic nerve

105
Q

What level is the oesophageal opening

A

T10

106
Q

What passes through the osophageal opening

A

oesophagus, vagal trunks and oesophageal branches of left gastric vessels

107
Q

Where is the aortic opening

A

T12

108
Q

What passes through the aortic opening

A

Aorta, thoracic duct (sometimes azygous vein and hemiazygos vein)

109
Q

What provides the sensory innervation of the diaphragm

A

Phrenic nerve (mostly), peripheral part – lower six or seven intercostal nerves and subcostal nerves.

Anatomy (21 decks)

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