Shoulder, elbow, hip and knee joint

Question 1

What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint

Answer 1

synovial ball and socket joint

Question 2

What is the glenohumeral joint

Answer 2

the joint between the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula

Question 3

Why is the glenohumeral joint unstable

Answer 3

because the head of the humerus is large, whereas the glenoid cavity is shallow also making it a very mobile cavity

Question 4

What movements happen at the glenohumeral joint

Answer 4

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal (or medial) rotation, external rotation and circumduction (combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction).

Question 5

Which tendon is continuous with the glenoid labrum

Answer 5

long head of biceps

Question 6

What is the glenoid labrum

Answer 6

a fibrocartilaginous collar that sits around the perimeter, the margins of the cavity and adds depth to the cavity and surrounds the glenoid fossa

Question 7

Where does the fibrous membrane of the glenohumeral joint capsule sit

Answer 7

around the outside of the glenoid labrum and encloses the labrum and the long head of biceps tendon

Question 8

What does the synovial membrane line

Answer 8

the fibrous membrane

Question 9

What are bursae

Answer 9

when the synovial membrane protrudes through the fibrous membrane at various points

Question 10

What is the function of bursae

Answer 10

reduce friction and cushion the joint

Question 11

Where is the subtendinous bursa in the glenohumeral joint

Answer 11

lies underneath where the tendon of subscapularis inserts into the lesser tubercle.

Question 12

Where does the synovial sheath wrap in the glenohumeral joint

Answer 12

wraps around the long head of biceps tendon as it passes through the intertubercular sulcus between the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus

Question 13

What is the function of the synovial sheath

Answer 13

reduces friction of the tendon

Question 14

Where do the subacromial and subdeltoid burse sit in the glenohumeral joint

Answer 14

under the acromion process and between the deltoid muscle

Question 15

Where else are bursa present in the glenohumeral joint

Answer 15

between the skin and the acromion, underneath the coracoid process and by the rotator cuff muscles.

Question 16

Name the 5 ligaments of the shoulder joint

Answer 16

three glenohumeral ligaments (superior, middle and inferior), transverse humeral ligament and the coracohumeral ligament

Question 17

Where do the glenohumeral ligaments originate and insert

Answer 17

onto the lesser tubercle and they originate on the margin of the glenoid cavity

Question 18

Where do the transverse humeral ligaments originate and insert

Answer 18

from the lesser tubercle to the greater tubercle

Question 19

Where does the transverse humeral ligament lie

Answer 19

over the biceps tendon and passes through the intertubercular sulcus

Question 20

Where does the coracohumeral ligament originate and insert

Answer 20

From the coracoid process to the humerus

Question 21

What type of joint is the hip

Answer 21

synovial ball and socket joint

Question 22

What bones are involved in the hip joint

Answer 22

head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum of the hip joint

Question 23

What cartilage is at the acetabulum

Answer 23

articular cartilage and fibrocartilage

Question 24

What ligament is at the femoral head

Answer 24

ligamentum teres

Question 25

What cartilage is at the femoral head

Answer 25

articular cartilage

Question 26

What is the fovea of the femur

Answer 26

the depression on the top of the femur, for the ligament of the head of the femur

Question 27

What is the function of the articular cartilage covering the head of the femur

Answer 27

which facilitates smooth movement and prevents bone erosion as it slides within the acetabulum

Question 28

What forms the acetabulum

Answer 28

fusion of the ilium, ischium and pubis

Question 29

What is on the outside of the acetabulum margin

Answer 29

the acetabular labrum

Question 30

Where does the acetabular labrum run

Answer 30

continues over the acetabular notch with the transverse acetabular ligament.

Question 31

What is the function of the acetabular labrum

Answer 31

increases the surface area of the acetabulum to allow more than half of the femoral head to fit within the acetabulum for stability

Question 32

Where is the acetabular fossa

Answer 32

a rough depression on the floor of the acetabulum, right above the notch

Question 33

Where does the fibrous capsule of the hip joint attach to proximally

Answer 33

to the acetabulum peripheral to the acetabular margin, as well as to the transverse acetabular ligament.

Question 34

Where does the fibrous capsule of the hip joint attach to distally

Answer 34

femoral neck

Question 35

Where does the fibrous capsule of the hip joint attach to anteriorly

Answer 35

intertrochanteric line and root of the greater trochanter

Question 36

Where does the fibrous capsule of the hip joint head to posteriorly

Answer 36

the fibrous layer heads towards but doesn't attach to the intertrochanteric crest

Question 37

What do the fibres of the fibrous capsule do

Answer 37

take a spiral course and attach to the intertrochanteric line of the femur, whereas some deep fibers pass circularly around the neck, forming the orbicular zone

Question 38

Where does the iliofemoral ligament atatch

Answer 38

attaches to the anterior inferior iliac spine and the acetabular rim proximally, and the intertrochanteric line distally

Question 39

What is the function of the iliofemoral ligament

Answer 39

it tightens and brings the femoral head tightly into the acetabulum when standing upright, and this prevents hyperextension of the hip joint

Question 40

Where does the pubofemoral ligament arise

Answer 40

from the obturator crest of the pubic bone

Question 41

What does the pubofemoral ligament merge with

Answer 41

the fibrous layer of the joint capsule and blends with the medial part of the iliofemoral ligament

Question 42

What is the function of the pubofemoral ligament

Answer 42

tightens during extension and abduction of the hip joint, preventing over-abduction.

Question 43

What are the attachments of the ischiofemoral ligament

Answer 43

goes from the acetabular margin to the neck of the femur

Question 43

What is the function of the ischiofemoral ligament

Answer 43

spirals superolaterally to the femoral neck, medial to the base of the greater trochanter and it limits internal rotation of the hip.

Question 44

Which 2 ligaments bridge the gap between the sacrum and the ischium

Answer 44

sacrospinous ligament and sacrotuberous ligament

Question 45

Where does the sacrospinous ligament attach

Answer 45

ischial spine

Question 46

Where does the sacrotuberous ligament attach

Answer 46

ischial tuberosity

Question 47

Where are longitudinal synovial folds present in the hip joint capsule

Answer 47

in the synovial membrane covering the femoral neck

Question 48

What forms the ligamentum teres

Answer 48

the synovial layer at the head of the femur

Question 49

How many joints are involved at the elbow joint

Answer 49

3 - humerus, radius and ulna

Question 50

What are the 3 articulations at the elbow joint

Answer 50

humeroulnar joint, humeroradial joint and proximal radioulnar joint

Question 51

What are the 2 parts of the humerus that has an articulating area

Answer 51

trochlea and capitulum

Question 52

What does the trochlea of the humerus articulate with

Answer 52

the trochlear notch of the ulna - medial

Question 53

What does the capitulum of the humerus articulate with

Answer 53

the head of the radius - lateral

Question 54

Name the 3 fossa of the distal humerus

Answer 54

coronoid fossa, radial fossa and olecran fossa

Question 55

What does the radial notch of the ulna articulate with

Answer 55

the head of the radius

Question 56

What movements happen where the radial notch and head of radius articulate

Answer 56

Pronation and supination

Question 57

What movements do you get at the humeroulnar and humeroradial joint

Answer 57

flexion and extension

Question 58

What type of joint is the humeroulnar joint

Answer 58

hinge joint

Question 59

What type of joint is the humeroradial joint

Answer 59

limited ball and socket joint

Question 60

What type of joint is the radioulnar joint

Answer 60

pivot joint

Question 61

What movements do you get at the proximal radioulnar joint

Answer 61

supination and pronation

Question 62

Name the 3 ligaments of the elbow joint

Answer 62

radial collateral ligament, ulnar collateral ligament and annular ligament

Question 63

Where are the attachments of the joint capsule of the elbow

Answer 63

medial epicondyle. Inferiorly - neck of radius and coronoid process of the ulna. Posterior - margins of the olecranon

Question 64

How is the synovial membrane separated from the fibrous membrane in the elbow

Answer 64

by fat pads

Question 65

Where do the fat pads lie in the elbow joint

Answer 65

coronoid fossa, radial fossa and olecranon fossa

Question 66

What are the attachments of the radial collateral ligament

Answer 66

attaches on the medial epicondyle and on the radial notch of the ulna

Question 67

What does the radial collateral ligament blend with

Answer 67

annular ligament

Question 68

What are the attachments of the ulnar collateral ligament

Answer 68

attaches on the medial epicondyle and it extends down and attaches to the coronoid process of the ulna

Question 69

What does the annular ligament form

Answer 69

a ring around the head of the radius

Question 70

What does the annular ligament blend with

Answer 70

radial collateral ligament and joint capsule

Question 71

Function of the annular ligament

Answer 71

holds the head of the radius in place and allows the head of the radius to rotate on the capitulum of the humerus and also, allows pronation and supination against the radial notch of the ulna

Question 72

What separates the lateral and medial condyle of the femur

Answer 72

the intercondylar notch

Question 73

Where are the lateral and medial epicondyles of the femur located

Answer 73

above the condyles