Shoulder, elbow, hip and knee joint Flashcards
What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint
synovial ball and socket joint
What is the glenohumeral joint
the joint between the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula
Why is the glenohumeral joint unstable
because the head of the humerus is large, whereas the glenoid cavity is shallow also making it a very mobile cavity
What movements happen at the glenohumeral joint
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal (or medial) rotation, external rotation and circumduction (combination of flexion, extension, abduction and adduction).
Which tendon is continuous with the glenoid labrum
long head of biceps
What is the glenoid labrum
a fibrocartilaginous collar that sits around the perimeter, the margins of the cavity and adds depth to the cavity and surrounds the glenoid fossa
Where does the fibrous membrane of the glenohumeral joint capsule sit
around the outside of the glenoid labrum and encloses the labrum and the long head of biceps tendon
What does the synovial membrane line
the fibrous membrane
What are bursae
when the synovial membrane protrudes through the fibrous membrane at various points
What is the function of bursae
reduce friction and cushion the joint
Where is the subtendinous bursa in the glenohumeral joint
lies underneath where the tendon of subscapularis inserts into the lesser tubercle.
Where does the synovial sheath wrap in the glenohumeral joint
wraps around the long head of biceps tendon as it passes through the intertubercular sulcus between the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus
What is the function of the synovial sheath
reduces friction of the tendon
Where do the subacromial and subdeltoid burse sit in the glenohumeral joint
under the acromion process and between the deltoid muscle
Where else are bursa present in the glenohumeral joint
between the skin and the acromion, underneath the coracoid process and by the rotator cuff muscles.
Name the 5 ligaments of the shoulder joint
three glenohumeral ligaments (superior, middle and inferior), transverse humeral ligament and the coracohumeral ligament
Where do the glenohumeral ligaments originate and insert
onto the lesser tubercle and they originate on the margin of the glenoid cavity
Where do the transverse humeral ligaments originate and insert
from the lesser tubercle to the greater tubercle
Where does the transverse humeral ligament lie
over the biceps tendon and passes through the intertubercular sulcus
Where does the coracohumeral ligament originate and insert
From the coracoid process to the humerus
What type of joint is the hip
synovial ball and socket joint
What bones are involved in the hip joint
head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum of the hip joint
What cartilage is at the acetabulum
articular cartilage and fibrocartilage
What ligament is at the femoral head
ligamentum teres
What cartilage is at the femoral head
articular cartilage
What is the fovea of the femur
the depression on the top of the femur, for the ligament of the head of the femur
What is the function of the articular cartilage covering the head of the femur
which facilitates smooth movement and prevents bone erosion as it slides within the acetabulum
What forms the acetabulum
fusion of the ilium, ischium and pubis
What is on the outside of the acetabulum margin
the acetabular labrum
Where does the acetabular labrum run
continues over the acetabular notch with the transverse acetabular ligament.
What is the function of the acetabular labrum
increases the surface area of the acetabulum to allow more than half of the femoral head to fit within the acetabulum for stability
Where is the acetabular fossa
a rough depression on the floor of the acetabulum, right above the notch
Where does the fibrous capsule of the hip joint attach to proximally
to the acetabulum peripheral to the acetabular margin, as well as to the transverse acetabular ligament.
Where does the fibrous capsule of the hip joint attach to distally
femoral neck
Where does the fibrous capsule of the hip joint attach to anteriorly
intertrochanteric line and root of the greater trochanter
Where does the fibrous capsule of the hip joint head to posteriorly
the fibrous layer heads towards but doesn’t attach to the intertrochanteric crest
What do the fibres of the fibrous capsule do
take a spiral course and attach to the intertrochanteric line of the femur, whereas some deep fibers pass circularly around the neck, forming the orbicular zone
Where does the iliofemoral ligament atatch
attaches to the anterior inferior iliac spine and the acetabular rim proximally, and the intertrochanteric line distally
What is the function of the iliofemoral ligament
it tightens and brings the femoral head tightly into the acetabulum when standing upright, and this prevents hyperextension of the hip joint
Where does the pubofemoral ligament arise
from the obturator crest of the pubic bone
What does the pubofemoral ligament merge with
the fibrous layer of the joint capsule and blends with the medial part of the iliofemoral ligament
What is the function of the pubofemoral ligament
tightens during extension and abduction of the hip joint, preventing over-abduction.
What are the attachments of the ischiofemoral ligament
goes from the acetabular margin to the neck of the femur
What is the function of the ischiofemoral ligament
spirals superolaterally to the femoral neck, medial to the base of the greater trochanter and it limits internal rotation of the hip.
Which 2 ligaments bridge the gap between the sacrum and the ischium
sacrospinous ligament and sacrotuberous ligament
Where does the sacrospinous ligament attach
ischial spine
Where does the sacrotuberous ligament attach
ischial tuberosity
Where are longitudinal synovial folds present in the hip joint capsule
in the synovial membrane covering the femoral neck
What forms the ligamentum teres
the synovial layer at the head of the femur
How many joints are involved at the elbow joint
3 - humerus, radius and ulna
What are the 3 articulations at the elbow joint
humeroulnar joint, humeroradial joint and proximal radioulnar joint
What are the 2 parts of the humerus that has an articulating area
trochlea and capitulum
What does the trochlea of the humerus articulate with
the trochlear notch of the ulna - medial
What does the capitulum of the humerus articulate with
the head of the radius - lateral
Name the 3 fossa of the distal humerus
coronoid fossa, radial fossa and olecran fossa
What does the radial notch of the ulna articulate with
the head of the radius
What movements happen where the radial notch and head of radius articulate
Pronation and supination
What movements do you get at the humeroulnar and humeroradial joint
flexion and extension
What type of joint is the humeroulnar joint
hinge joint
What type of joint is the humeroradial joint
limited ball and socket joint
What type of joint is the radioulnar joint
pivot joint
What movements do you get at the proximal radioulnar joint
supination and pronation
Name the 3 ligaments of the elbow joint
radial collateral ligament, ulnar collateral ligament and annular ligament
Where are the attachments of the joint capsule of the elbow
medial epicondyle.
Inferiorly - neck of radius and coronoid process of the ulna.
Posterior - margins of the olecranon
How is the synovial membrane separated from the fibrous membrane in the elbow
by fat pads
Where do the fat pads lie in the elbow joint
coronoid fossa, radial fossa and olecranon fossa
What are the attachments of the radial collateral ligament
attaches on the medial epicondyle and on the radial notch of the ulna
What does the radial collateral ligament blend with
annular ligament
What are the attachments of the ulnar collateral ligament
attaches on the medial epicondyle and it extends down and attaches to the coronoid process of the ulna
What does the annular ligament form
a ring around the head of the radius
What does the annular ligament blend with
radial collateral ligament and joint capsule
Function of the annular ligament
holds the head of the radius in place and allows the head of the radius to rotate on the capitulum of the humerus and also, allows pronation and supination against the radial notch of the ulna
What separates the lateral and medial condyle of the femur
the intercondylar notch
Where are the lateral and medial epicondyles of the femur located
above the condyles
