Femoral triangle, anterior and middle thigh Flashcards
What does the abdominal aorta split into
right and left common iliac artery
What does each iliac artery divide into
internal and external iliac artery
What are the branches of the internal iliac artery
obturator, inferior gluteal and superior gluteal artery
What does the external iliac artery become
the common femoral artery as it crosses under the inguinal ligament to enter the femoral triangle
What branch does the common femoral artery give off
profunda femoris (or deep femoral artery)
What does the profunda femoris divide into
the lateral and medial circumflex artery
How does profunda femoris terminate
as perforating arteries (they perforate the adductor magnus muscle)
What does the common femoral artery continue as
the superficial femoral artery
What does the superficial femoral artery travel through
the adductor canal
What is the adductor canal
a muscular tunnel in the thigh that begins at the bottom of the femoral triangle and ending at the adductor hiatus
What does the femoral artery become known as
the popliteal artery
What does the popliteal artery pass beterrn
gastrocnemius and popliteal muscles
What branches does the popliteal artery give off
genicular branches which supplies the knee joint
What does the genicular artery divide into
anterior and posterior tibial arteries
Where does the posterior tibial artery descend
along the superficial surface of the deep posterior muscles
What does the posterior tibial artery give off
fibular artery
What does the fibular artery supply
the lateral component of the leg
Where does the anterior tibial artery pass
passes into anterior compartment through a gap in the interosseous membrane between the tibia and the fibula
What does the anterior tibial artery become
at the foot it becomes the dorsalis pedis artery
How does the posterior tibial artery enter the foot
through the tarsal tunnel, winding behind the medial malleolus
What does the posterior tibial artery split into
the lateral and medial plantar arteries
Where is the pulse palpable for the posterior tibial nerve
inferiorly and posteriorly behind the medial malleolus
What does dorsalis pedis give off
the deep plantar artery
Where does the deep plantar artery form
between the first and second metatarsals
What does the deep plantar artery anastomose with
the branch of the lateral plantar artery to form the plantar arch on the sole of the foot
Where is superficial venous system located
in the subcutaneous tissue
Where is deep venous system located
in the deep fascia
What do the veins of the deep system accompany
the arteriole system (also copies their names)
What do the veins of the superficial system drain into
into the deep venous system
What arteries are accompanied by veins on the anterior side of the foot
a vein accompanies the arcuate artery which drains into the vein that accompanies the dorsalis pedis artery
Which veins drain into the anterior tibial vein
vein that accompanies the arcuate artery and the vein that accompanies the dorsalis pedis artery
In the sole of the foot which arteries are accompanied by which veins
are veins that accompany the deep plantar arterial arch, the plantar venous arch which has medial and lateral plantar veins (like the medial and lateral plantar arteries)
What do the plantar veins drain into, and where
the posterior tibial vein just behind the medial malleolus
What do the posterior and anterior tibial veins drain into
the popliteal vein
What does the fibular vein drain into
the lateral compartment of the leg
How does the popliteal vein pass into the anterior compartment of the thigh
through the adductor magnus
What is the popliteal vein called after it passes through the adductor hiatus
the femoral vein
What does the femoral vein recieve
a tributary from profunda femoris
What accompanies the lateral and medial circumflex arteries
branches that drain into the profunda femoris vein
What does the femoral vein pass under
the inguinal ligament
When the femoral vein passes under the inguinal ligament what is it now called
the external iliac vein
what does the external iliac vein join and what does this form
internal iliac vein to form the common iliac vein
What do the right and left common iliac veins unit to form
the inferior vena cava
What is a deep vain thrombosis
clot in one of the deep veins
What is a pulmonary embolus
when a clot that has been dislodged passes into the right side of the heart
What does the superficial venous system consist of
small saphenous vein and great saphenous vein
Where does the small spahenous vein arise
from the lateral aspect of the dorsal venous arch
Where does the small saphenous vein travel
passes behind the lateral malleolus where it ascends posteriorly up the leg to the knee
What does the small saphenous vein drain into
popliteal vein, behind the knee joint
Where does the great saphenous vein arise
from the medial aspect of the dorsal venous arch
What is the course of the great saphenous vein
It passes in front of the medial malleolus, along the medial aspect of the leg and along the entire length of the lower limb
What does the great saphenous vein drain into
femoral vein
What are perforating veins
small little veins that pass from the superficial to the deep venous system
Why is the deep venous system at a higher pressure than the superficial
to prevent the back flow of blood from deep to superficial
Where are the valves in the saphenous vein
at the junction where they meet the deep system
What causes varicose veins
backflow of blood causing the superficial veins to dilate
Where is the tensor fascia lata muscle located
gluteal muscle located in the lateral aspect
What is the role of the tensor fascia lata
flexion and medial rotation of the hip joint
Where does sartorius run
from the anterior superior iliac spine to the upper medial leg
What is the function of sartorius
hip flexion, weak abduction and lateral thigh rotation, knee flexion and medial knee rotation
Where is quadriceps located
lateral to sartoriys
Name the 4 heads of quadriceps
vastus medialis, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis and vastus intermedius
What is the function of quadricps
knee extension. Rectus femoris also involved in hip flexion because it passes hip joint on anterior side
Where does the quadriceps tendon insert
attaches to the borders of the patella, after it inserts to the tibial tuberosity via the patellar ligament
Name the muscles in the superficial layer of the medial (adductor) compartment
adductor longus and pectineus
Name the muscle in the medial layer of the medial (adductor) compartment
adductor brevis
Name the muscles in the deep layer of the medial (adductor) compartment
adductor magnus and gracilis
What is the landmark for adductor brevis
anterior branch of the obturator nerve which passes anterior to it
What forms the pes anserine tendon
sartorius, gracilis and semitendinosus
What forms the superior border of the femoral triangle
inguinal ligament
What forms the medial border of the femoral triangle
adductor longus
What forms the lateral border of the femoral triangle
sartorius
What forms the floor of the femoral triangle
pectineus, psoas major and iliacus
What is inside the femoral triangle from lateral to medial
femoral nerve, femoral artery and femoral vein
Where do the nerves that supply the lower extremity come from
the anterior rami of the second to the fifth sacral nerves
Where does the anterior ramus arise
from the intervertebral foramen that is below each vertebra
Where does the anterior rami of the sacral nerves emerge
from the anterior sacral formaina
How is each rami names
according to the spinal segment above it
Where does the femoral nerve emerge
lateral to psoas major
What is the nerve of the anterior thigh
femoral nerve
Where does the femoral nerve run
across the iliacus muscle and passes under the inguinal ligament, lateral to the femoral artery
What happens to the femoral nerve below the inguinal ligament
breaks into several branches (longest is saphenous nerve)
Where does the saphenous nerve run
which goes down under the deep fascia, then on the lower medial thigh it becomes superficial and runs with the superficial fascia on the medial leg
What does the femoral nerve supply
supplies iliacus, all 4 head of quadriceps, pectineus and sartorius.
What is the nerve of the medial compartment
obturator nerve
What does the obturator nerve supply
supplies the obturator externus, adductor brevis and longus, and the anterior part of adductor magnus
Where does obturator nerve arise
medial to psoas major
Where does the obturator nerve run
crosses the wing of the sacrum then runs along the back of the ischiopubic ramus
How does the obturator nerve leave the pelvis
by passing through the obturator canal (just above obturator internus)
Once the obturator nerve leaves the pelvis where does it emerge and run
It emerges over the top of obturator externus, it branches run down between the adductor muscles
Name the artery in the medial compartment of the thigh
obturator artery
What is the deep femoral artery a branch of
femoral artery
What are the branches of the seep femoral artery
lateral circumflex artery, medial circumflex artery and perforating branches
What is the inguinal ligament
a strong tight band that forms the lowest part of the abdominal wall and is the lower edge of the external oblique aponeurosis
Where does the inguinal ligament pass
from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle
What occupies the gap between the inguinal ligament and the superior pubic ramus
by the iliacus and the psoas muscles and partly by the femoral nerve, artery, vein and inguinal lymph nodes
Where does vastus intermedius, vastus medialis and vastus lateralis arise from
the femur
Where does rectus femoris arise
hip bone
Where on the femur does vastus intermedius arise
a broad area on the lateral aspect and the front of the femur, forming a bulge on the front
What covers vastus intermedius
vastus medialis and vastus lateralis, their fibres run obliquely all the way round to the back
Where does vastus lateralis arise from
the lateral edge of the linea aspera and from the side and front of the greater trochanter
Where does vastus medialis arise
from the medial edge of the linea aspera and from just below the lesser trochanter
What does the thin strip of bone between the lines of origin of vastus medialis and vastus lateralis provide
provides insertion of all adductor muscles and origin of the short head of biceps
Where do the 2 heads of rectus femoris tendon arise
posterior - just above the acetabulum
anterior - anterior inferior iliac spine
What do the 4 heads of quadriceps form
the quadricpes tendon
Where do , the lowest fibres of vastus lateralis and medialis insert
onto the sides of the patella
What is the function of quadriceps
knee extension - When the foot is off the ground it straightens and holds the leg straight. When the foot is on the ground it keeps the leg straight while the hamstring muscles extend the hip
Name the 2 anti-gravity muscles
quadriceps and gluteus maximus
What is the function of anti-gravity muscles
lifting the body upward (jumping, climbing a hill, rising from a sitting position)
Where does the adductor canal lie
between vastus medialis and the adjoining adductor longus muscle
Why is the adductor canal important
i because the femoral vessels run through it when the go from the front of the thigh to the back
What forms the adductor canal
formed by the groove between adductor longus and vastus medialis and by a sheet of fascia called the roof of the adductor canal which bridges over between the muscle
What covers the adductor canal
the sartorius muscle
Where does iliacus arise
from almost all of the inner aspect of the wing of the ilium
Where does psoas major arise from
the transverse processes of all 5 lumbar vertebrae and from the sides of the intervertebral discs and the adjoining vertebral bodies
What does iliacus and psoas major travel
pass over the superior pubic ramus and under the inguinal ligament
Where does iliacis and psoas major insert
on the lesser trochanter
What is the function of iliacus and psoas major
Contraction causes flexion of the hip joint, bringing the thigh forward (when the limb is free to move), or brings the body upright (when the limb is fixed).
Is sartorius the most superficial
yes
How does sartorius run
It runs in a spiral on the anterior superior iliac spine and ending up on the tibia
Sartorius function
It flexes the hip and can produce lateral rotation.
Where does adductor magnus arise
from the outer border of ischipubic ramus
Where does adductor magnus insert
The upper part inserts on the linea aspera, the lower part inserting on the adductor tubercle of the femur. The gap is the adductor hiatus
Where does adductor longus and brevis sir
in front of adductor magnus
Where does adductor brevis and longus arise
Brevis arises on the body of the pubis, longus arises on the edge
Where does adductor brevis and longus insert
They are inserted on the femur next to adductor magnus, brevis above, longus below. Insertion of longus stops just short of the adductor hiatus.
Which muscle is the shortest hip adductor muscle
pectineus
Where does pectineus arise
from a line on the superior pubic ramus
Where does pectineus insert
just infront of adductir brevis
Where does gracilis arise and insert
arise on the pubis and inserts on the tibia
What are the actions of gracilis
adduction of the thigh at the hip and flexion of the leg at the knee
Actions of adductor longus and brevus
adduction of the thigh
Actions of adductor magnus
adduction and flexion of the thigh
Actions of the hamstring
adduction and extension of the thigh
What joints does gracilis cross
hip and knee joint
Fascia lata function
limits outward expansion of contracting thigh muscles, aids venous return from lower limb and provides stability to knee joint in extended and partially flexed positions (through iliotibial tract).
Vastus lateralis, intermedius and medialis actions
extension of the knee joint and stabilises the patella.
Rectus femoris actions
extension of the knee joint and flexion of the hip
Sartorius actions
at the hip joint it is a flexor, abductor and lateral rotator. Flexor of knee joint
