Gluteal region Flashcards
What skeleton forms the lower limbs
the inferior appendicular skeleton
What is the function of the inferior appendicular skeleton
for locomotion, maintaining balance and posture and supporting the body’s weight
How is the inferior appendicular skeleton attached to the axial skeleton
via the pelvic girdle
What are the 4 regions the lower limb is divided into
gluteal, thigh, leg and foot
What is the part of the pelvis that the head of the femur articulates with
the acetabulum
How does the femur deviate
medially - obliquely running long bone
What does the femur articulate with at the knee joint
tibia
How is the tibia orientated
vertically, and runs down towards the ankle joint
Which bone runs anterior to the femur,
the patella
What bone runs lateral to the tibia
the fibula
Where does the interosseous membrane run
between the fibula and tibia, provides large surface area for muscle attachment
What bone of the lower limb is analogous to the metacarpals of the wrist
tarsal bones
which bones form the digits of the foot
the phalanges
Where does the sacrospinal ligament run
from the sacrum to the ischial spine
Where does the sacrotuberous ligament run
from the sacrum to the ischial tuberosity
Why is the sacrospinal and sacrotuberus ligaments important
because they convert the greater and lesser sciatic notch into a greater and lesser sciatic foramen
What is the name of the 2 notches by the head of the femur
greater and lesser trochanter
Where does the gluteus maximus originate
originates on the posterior surface of the ilium, the posterior surface of the sacrum, the sacrotuberal ligament and parts of the ischial tuberosity
What is the iliotibial tract
fascial layer that stabilises the knee joint
Where do the fibres of the gluteus maximus pass
towards the iliotibial tract or to the gluteal tuberosity
Where is the gluteal tuberosity
on the posterior surface of the femur
What movements is the gluteus maximus involved in
extending the thigh and lateral rotation
What does the gluteus medius lie deep to
the gluteus maximus
Where does the gluteus medius originate
originates form the external surface of the ilium, from the space in between the anterior and posterior gluteal line
Where do the fibres of the gluteus medius pass
to the outer part of the greater trochanter
What is the deepest of the gluteal muscles
the gluteus minimus
Where do the fibres of the gluteus minimus attach
the greater trochanter
Where does the gluteus minimus originate
comes from the space in between the posterior gluteal line and inferior gluteal line
What is the function of gluteus medius and gluteus minimus
medial rotation and abduction of femur
What muscles make up the lateral rotaterus muscles
piriformis, superior and inferior gemellus, obturator internus and externus and quadratus femoris
What is the function of the lateral rotaterus muscles
laterally rotate the thigh - away from midline
Where does piriformis originate
anterior surface of sacrum
Where does the piriformis located
travels out of pelvis via greater sciatic foramen to the greater trochanter of the femur
What runs with the piriformis
the sciatic nerve
What shape is the piriformis
triangular
What muscle is inferior to piriformis
superior gemellus
Where does the superior gemellus run
from the ischial spine and towards the greater trochanter
What muscle is beneath the superior gemellus
the inferior gemellus
What are the attachments of the inferior gemellus
ischial tuberosity onto the greater tuberosity
What is the most inferior gluteal muscle
quadratus femoris
Where does quadratus femoris pass
from the ischial tuberosity across to the intertrochantic crest
What is the intertrochanteric crest
the crest that runs between the greater and lesser trochanters
What are the attachments of obturator internus
originates from the inside of the pelvis (inside surface of obturator foramen) and passes out of the lesser sciatic foramen
What happens to the obturator internus as it pass round the back of the ischium
ischium it does a 90 degree turn, as it makes the turn it is joined above and below by gemellus superior and inferior
When the foot is on the ground what action do the lateral rotaterus muscles create
can rotate the trunk to the opposite side
What are the attachments of the obturator externus
arises from the obturator membrane and from the adjoining edge of the ischiopubic ramus
Why is the quadratus formamen important
helps steady the femoral head in the acetabulum
What is the fascia lata
is a continuous sheet of dense fibrous tissue that surrounds all of the muscles of the thigh.
What is the thickening of the fascia lata called
the iliotibial tract (located on the outer aspect of the thigh)
What attaches the iliotibial tract to the femur
a strong fibrous septum
What is the function of the iliotibial tract
acts as the tendon of insertion for gluteus maximus and tensor fascia lata
Where are the attachments of the tensor fascia lata
arises from the iliac crest, it inserts on the iliotibial tract
What do the hip abductors do when the foot is on the ground
the hip abductors pulling down on the ilium raise the pelvis up. This tilting of the pelvis happens when we walk to help the opposite foot take a step
Where do the gluteal and sciatic nerves arise
from the sacral plexus
What forms the sacral plexus
anterior rami of L5, S1, S2 and S3
What do the nerves leave the pelvis through
the greater sciatic foramen
What does the superior gluteal nerve supply
gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and tensor fascia lata
What does the inferior gluteal nerve supply
gluteus maximus
What does the sciatic nerve supply in the thigh
semitendinosus, semimembranousus and biceps femorus and posterior part of adductor magnus
Where does the sciatic nerve run
down the middle of the thigh, deep to it is quadratus femorus and lower down adductor magnus
Which muscle covers the sciatic nerve
The long head of biceps femorus which crosses over the nerve obliquely
What forms the lumbar plexus
the anterior rami of L1-L4
What group of muscles is in the anterior compartment of the lower limb
extensors
What group of muscles is in the posterior compartment of the lower limb
flexors
What is the nerve, artery and vein in the anterior thigh
femoral
What is the nerve, artery and vein in the medial thigh
femoral artery and vein. Obturator nerve
What is the nerve, artery and vein in the posterior thigh
Profunda femoris artery and vein. Sciatic nerve
What is the nerve, artery and vein in the anterior leg
Anterior tibial artery and vein. Deep fibular nerve
What is the nerve, artery and vein in the lateral leg
Anterior tibial and fibular artery. Anterior tibial vein. Superficial fibular nerve
What is the nerve, artery and vein in the posterior leg
posterior tibial artery and vein. Tibial nerve
What is the nerve, artery and vein in the foot
deep and superficial plantar arches artery. Medial and lateral plantar and deep fibular nerve
What do muscles in the anterior thigh do
extend the leg
What do muscles in the anterior leg do
dorsiflexion of the foot. Extension of the digits
What do the muscles in the medial section fo the thigh do
adduction of thigh
What do the muscles in the posterior section of the thigh do
flexion of the leg
What do the muscles in the lateral section of the leg do
eversion of the foot
What do the muscles in the posterior section of the leg do
Plantarflexion of the foot. Flexion of the digits
Dermatomes for lateral cutaneous innervation of thigh
L2 and L3
Dermatomes for posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh
S1-S3
Dermatomes for the lateral sural cutaneous nerve
L4-S2
Myotomes for adduction
L1-L4
Myotomes for abduction
L5/S1
Myotomes for inversion of toes
L4 and L5
Myotomes for eversion of toes
L5 and S1
Myotomes for extension of leg and thigh
L3/L4 and L2/L3
Myotomes for flexion of leg and thigh
L5/S1 and L4/L5
Myotomes for dorsiflexion
L4 and L5
Myotomes for plantarflexion
S1 and S2
Vein supply of lower limb
femoral -> popliteal -> anterior tibial and posterior tibial. Fibular comes off posterior tibial
Arterial supply of lower limb
External iliac -> femoral (branch of profunda femoris) -> popliteal -> anterior and posterior tibial.
What are the branches of the posterior tibial artery
fibular artery, lateral and medial plantar artery (form the deep and superficial arches)
