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Anatomy > Posterior mediastinum and diaphragm > Flashcards

Posterior mediastinum and diaphragm Flashcards

1
Q

What is the posterior mediastinum

A

the area behind the fibrous pericardium

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2
Q

What structures are in the posterior mediastinum

A

descending thoracic arch, oesophagus, right and left ganglion sympathetic chain which has important nerves running off it, lymph nodes, running upwards is the thoracic ducts, vena azygous (right), hemizygous and accessory hemiazygos vein (left).

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3
Q

What are the boundaries of the inferior mediatsinum

A

Superior - sternal angle
Inferior - diaphragm
Anterior - heart and pericardium
Posterior - T5-T12 vertebral bodies

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4
Q

Where is the anterior mediastinum

A

T5-T9

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5
Q

Where is the middle mediastinum

A

T5-T8

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6
Q

Where is the posterior mediastinum

A

T5-T12

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7
Q

What structures come of the sympathetic trunks (T5-T12 ganglia)

A

greater splachnic nerve, lesser splanchnic nerve, least splanchnic nerve – run anteriorly down the bodies of the vertebrae, hit the pre-aortic ganglia and plexuses.

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8
Q

What are the contents of the posterior mediatsinum

A

Descending thoracic aorta, azygous veins, thoracic duct, Eosophagus, sympathetic trunk (DATES)

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9
Q

Where is the thoracic duct located

A

ascending from cisterna kylie, moves superiorly through posterior mediastinum, crosses from right to left lateral at the superior margin of the posterior mediastinum, around the thoracic plane into the left venous angle

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10
Q

How does the lymphatic system maintain homeostasis

A

by returning most of the fluid that has been diverted back into your blood

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11
Q

What are the 4 main parts of the lymphatic system

A

lymph, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, lymph organs

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12
Q

What is lymph

A

water solution (does not contain red blood cells), remains in closed circulatory loop because they are too large to be passed through capillary membranes

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13
Q

What do lymphatic vessels help with

A

help reabsorb the fluid

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14
Q

What is the function of lymph nodes

A

checkpoints that monitor and cleanse the lymph as it filters through.

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15
Q

Examples of lymphoid organs

A

spleen, thymus adenoids, tonsils

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16
Q

What are the thymus and spleen the site of

A

site for maturing lymphocytes

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17
Q

What does most lymph start off as

A

blood plasma which gets forced out of your capillaries

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18
Q

What are the capillary beds

A

where capillaries carry blood from your arterioles and arteries and feed blood into venules then veins

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19
Q

What are capillary beds the site of

A

transfer of waste and nutrients as blood pressure force plasma out of arteriole end of capillaries and into the interstitial fluid between the cells of the tissue

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20
Q

What pressure causes some of the fluid that has been lost to be absorbed at the venous end

A

osmotic pressure

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21
Q

What are lymphatic capillaries made from

A

loosely overlapping endothelial cells that form little flap like valves that can only open in one direction

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22
Q

What do the flap like valves in lymphatic vessels do

A

ensure lymph fluid will not leak back into the interstitial space

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23
Q

What happens to the valves when pressure in interstitial fluid becomes greater than the pressure inside the lymphatic capillary

A

the flaps push open and take in fluid to remove the pressure

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24
Q

What happens to the fluid that has been taken in by the lymphatic vessels

A

flows through successively larger lymphatic vessels to collecting vessels and then to larger trunks. Then into 1 of 2 large lymph ducts that feed back into the lowest pressure area of the circulatory system

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25
Q

What does the right lymphatic duct drain

A

all the lymph collected from the right upper area of the torso, right arm , head and thorax into the internal jugular vein

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26
Q

Where does the larger thoracic duct take the lymph

A

takes lymph from the rest of the body and dumps it into the subclavian vein

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27
Q

What kind of muscle do lymphatic vessels have

A

skeletal muscle

28
Q

What helps lymph move along

A

pressure changes in the thorax during breathing and pulsations of adjacent arteries

29
Q

What muscle in the lymphatic vessel walls help lymph to move

A

smooth muscle

30
Q

What does recovering 3L of blood a day prevent

A

prevents drop in blood pressure and little/no oxygen delivery or waste pick up

31
Q

What does a blockage in lymphatic system result in

A

oedema or swelling that can constrain blood flow and lead to serious complications

32
Q

How does the lymphatic system have a role in the immune system

A

intestinal fluid that drains into lymph vessels contain bacteria that if not killed in the lymph system can enter your heart

33
Q

Which immune cells are housed in the lymphatic system

A

T cells, B cells, macrophages and reticular cells

34
Q

What regularly inspect lymph nodes

A

lymphocytes

35
Q

What can lymphocytes trigger the release of

A

macrophages and can activate the general immune system

36
Q

Where are lymphocytes found

A

the loose reticular connective tissue that makes up a large part of the nodes and most of your other lymphoid organs

37
Q

What are swollen lymph nodes a sign of

A

disease or infection

38
Q

Where is mucosa associated lymphoid tissue found

A

mucosa membrane around the body, outside of the lymphatic vessels (found in intestine etc..)

39
Q

What are Peyer’s pathes

A

lymph tissue in small intestine which is a check point in GI tract.

40
Q

What do the azygous veins join

A

the superior vena cava

41
Q

Where do the azygous veins run

A

begins below the diaphragm and runs up along the right side of the vertebral column then arches over the right main bronchus

42
Q

Where do azygous veins receive blood from

A

the posterior and lateral parts of the chest wall

43
Q

On the right side what runs into the azygous veins

A

posterior intercostal veins

44
Q

Where do the posterior intercostal veins run into on the right side

A

the 2 hemi azygous veins which then empty into the azygous

45
Q

Describe the arrangement of the fibres of the diaphragm

A

fibres that converge from all around the circumference to insert on the central tendon of the diaphragm

46
Q

Where does the diaphragm arise from

A

arises from a line that goes right around the inside of the lower thoracic aperture that has one interruption

47
Q

Where is the line of the attachment of the diaphragm

A

goes from the back of the sternum (lower), along the inside of the costal arch and around to the tip of the 12th rib

47
Q

When does the diaphragm arises on each side of the fascia which overlies quadratus lumborum and psoas major muscles

A

between the 12th rib and the body of the second lumbar vertebra

48
Q

What 3 structures pass through the diaphragm

A

esophagus, inferior vena cava and descending aorta

49
Q

Where is the caval hiatus

A

T8

50
Q

What passes through the caval hiatus

A

inferior vena cava and terminal branches of the right phrenic nerve

51
Q

Where is the oesophageal hiatus

A

T10

52
Q

What passes through the oesophageal hiatus

A

oesopahgus, right and left vagus nerve, oesaphageal branches of left gastric artery/vein

53
Q

Where is the aortic haitus

A

T12

54
Q

What passes through the aortic hiatus

A

aorta, thoracic duct and azygous vein

55
Q

What is present on each of the openings of the diaphragm

A

a thickening called the crus (crura - plural)

56
Q

Where does the left crus arise

A

from the body of L2

57
Q

Where does the right crus arise

A

from the body of L3

58
Q

What do the 2 crura do

A

arch over the aortic opening forming the median arcuate ligament

59
Q

What surround the oesophageal hiatus

A

fibres of the 2 crura which cross over

60
Q

What happens to the diaphragm when it contracts

A

the whole sheet of muscle, together with the central tendon, moves downward, expanding the lungs and causing us to breathe in

61
Q

What happens to other structures when the diaphragm contracts

A

the structures below it (the contents of the upper part of the abdominal cavity) are pushed downward causing bulging of the abdominal wall

62
Q

How is inspiration produced at rest

A

by the downward pull of the diaphragm, with little or no movement of the ribs

63
Q

What is the return movement of the diaphragm produced in quiet expiration

A

movement is produced passively by elastic forces (elastic contraction of the lungs them selves

64
Q
A

Anatomy (21 decks)

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