Theories Flashcards
Instinct theory vs arousal theory vs drive reduction theory vs incentive theory
people have motivation due to instincts vs people have motivation due to arousal vs people have motivation to eliminate uncomfortable (internal) positions (ex: seeking homeostasis), involves primary and secondary drives vs behavior = motivated to pursue rewards and avoid punishments; not by need or arousal
self-determination theory
3 universal needs: autonomy, competence and relatedness. These 3 needs must be met in order to have a healthy relationship with self and others
expectancy value theory
amount of motivation needed is determined by a person’s expectations in reaching the goal
opponent process theory
when a drug as been taken too many times –> body will counteract it by changing it physiology —> body eventually builds tolerance
James-Lange vs Cannon-Bard vs Schachter-Singer theory vs Lazarus theory
stimulus + arousal/physiological change –> emotion vs stimulus + simultaneous arousal/physiological change and emotion —> action, aka thalamus theory vs stimulus + arousal/physiological change and environment –> emotion vs interpretation of event happens before simultaneous arousal+emotion –> no physiological response or emotion = elicited; basically storytelling
Howard Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences
intrapersonal, linguistics, logical/mathematical, musical, visuo-spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal
nativist (biological) theory vs learning (behaviorist) theory vs social interactionist theory
language = acquired innately vs language acquired due to operant conditioning by BF Skinner vs language acquired b/c we want to communicate with others
Signal detection theory vs feature detection theory
change in perception of same stimuli depending on internal/physiological and external/environmental context; detecting stimuli thru noise in background vs focusing on object’s motion, color or shape separately
self-discrepancy theory
each person has 3 selves; actual, ideal and ought self. The closer the 3 selves are —> the higher self esteem
Thomas theorem
states that if people define situations as real, they become real in their consequences.
Cognitive appraisal theory
Primary: evaluating presence of stressors (ex: if there’s a neg association at all)
Secondary: evaluating if person can cope with the stressors (ex: seeing if there’s harm, threat, challenge or intensity)
Activation-synthesis theory vs problem solving dream theory vs cognitive process dream theory
we dream b/c of random activation of brain circuitry vs we dream to solve problems vs dreams = random stream of consciousness
Conflict theory by Karl Marx
studying inequalities between diff groups in society or power differentials (anti/syn/thesis); social changes aim to reduce inequality, social changes = response to limited resources and how ppl would compete for resources, social changes resolve conflict that are abrupt in nature; consensus = achieved thru power and influence –> coerce agreement to policies –> reinforces inequality
Reductionism
Explaining complex phenomena (usually human processes) by using simpler examples (think the duck example on wiki)
Strain theory by Merton
deviance = natural rxn when there’s a disconnect between social goals and social structure (ex. American dream - goal is good but the structure doesn’t guarantee education or opportunity needed to reach that goal)
