6. Identity Flashcards
actual vs ideal vs ought self
we see ourselves currently we are vs who we would like to be vs representation of the way others think we should be
All these are from self discrepancy theory. The closer the 3 selves are —> the higher self esteem
self-efficacy
ability to believe in ourselves to succeed or accomplish a certain task; usually short term
What’s locus of control and their 2 types?
how we characterize influence in our lives. Internal: WE control our own fate, external: events in our lives = caused by luck, genetics, or other outside influences
Fixation
when a child is overindulged or overly frustrated during a stage of development
Kind of unrelated: Consequently, the child develops a personality that strongly reflects this frustration —> this personality persists in adulthood as functional mental disorder => neurosis
Occurs in anal stage of Freud’s psychosocial development
Freud’s 5 stages of psychosocial/psychosexual development
- oral stage (0 to 1 year). During this stage, gratification is obtained primarily through putting objects into the mouth, biting, and sucking.
- anal stage (1 to 3 years), during which the libido is centered on the anus and gratification is gained through the elimination and retention of waste materials; toilet training; fixation can cause orderliness or messiness
- phallic or Oedipal stage (3 to 5 years) centers on resolution of the Oedipal conflict for male children or the analogous Electra conflict for female children.
- Latency stage (5 yrs-puberty). Libido is largely sublimated
- genital stage, beginning in puberty and lasting through adulthood. if prior development has proceeded correctly, the person should enter into healthy heterosexual relationships at this point
Erik Erikson’s 8 stages of personality development
- during infancy, child has conflict of trust v mistrust (relying on a caregiver and then getting betrayed, or trusting the world/environment)
- 1-3 years: child has conflict of autonomy v shame and doubt (try to be independent or control environment but could go wrong due to doubt and external locus control)
- 3-6 yrs: child has conflict of initiative v guilt (try to be initiative and enjoy accomplishment but has fear of punishment)
- 6-12 yrs: child has conflict of industry vs inferiority (try to meet social and academic demands and be competent that could lead to success or failure)
- 12-20 yrs: identity vs role confusion (who am i? what can I be? Physiological revolution; some may challenge power or authority here)
- 20-40 yrs: intimacy vs isolation (can I find love?)
- 40-65 yrs: generativity vs stagnation (can i make my life count? Trying to be a productive and contributing member of society vs bored, self indulged)
- 65+ yrs: integrity vs despair (is it okay to have been me?)
Kohlberg’s 3 moral reasoning
- preconventional morality phase in preadolescence up to age 9: stage 1 obedience, stage 2 self interest
- conventional morality phase in most adolescence and adulthood; stage 3 conformity, stage 4 law and order
- postconventional morality in 0-15% of ppl: stage 5 social contract, stage 6 universal human ethics
Freud’s 3 major entities of personallity
id (basic urges to survive and reproduce; uses pleasure principle - aim to achieve immediate gratification to relive tension => primary process, can use wish fulfillment), ego (brings in objective reality to support or combat against id => reality principle => secondary process), superego (perfectionist, moral guilt when we don’t live up to ideals)
8 main defense mechanisms to cope with anxiety: Repression vs suppression vs regression vs reaction formation vs projection vs displacement vs sublimation vs rationalization
ego’s way of forcing undesired thoughts and urges to the unconscious vs conscious form of forgetting vs repeating a habit from an earlier developmental state (thumb sucking, tantrums) vs unconsciously suppressing urges by thinking the opposite (I love this celeb but this celeb hates me —> stops obsessing over celeb) vs individuals attribute their undesired feelings to others (I hate my parents –> my parents hate me) vs transference of an undesired urge from one person or object to another (lashing out stress on spouse from work) vs transformation of unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behaviors (employer is attracted to employee —> becomes employee’s mentor) vs justifying behaviors that’s acceptable to self and society (drives fast —> there are other reckless drivers, one more doesn’t make a difference)
Jungian 4 archetypes
persona - what we show the world
anima - dude’s inner woman
animus - woman’s inner man
shadow - unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings, and actions in our consciousness
Myers–Briggs Type Inventory (MBTI)
4 letter personality test. E/I, S/N (sensing/intuiting) - working with info objectively or abstractly, T/F - using logic and reason or using personal beliefs and values, J/P (judging/perceiving) - preferring orderliness or spontaneity
Adler’s inferiority complex vs Adler’s style of life vs Adler’s fictional finalism
an individual’s sense of incompleteness, imperfection, and inferiority both physically and socially vs Manifestation of creative self and describes a person’s unique way of achieving superiority vs Individual is more motivated by his ideal expectations of the future than by past experiences
Type A vs Type B personalities
personalities are characterized by behavior that tends to be competitive and compulsive vs generally laid-back and relaxed.
Big 5 traits of personality theory/biological perspective
Personality comes from innate biological traits: Openness, conscientiousness (hardworking and organized, not impulsive), extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism (high emotional arousal during stressful situations); OCEAN
Somatotypes
personality type = based on body type (short, stocky people = jolly)
