11. Social structure

Question 1

Functionalism aka functional analysis vs Collective consciousness by Emile Durkheim

Answer 1

study of how each structure functions in a society, if each structure performs its function in harmony, then society will be going to equil; postulates that inequality = beneficial to society vs Set of shared beliefs, ideas or attitudes that operates as a unifying force w/in society

Question 2

Manifest vs latent functions

Answer 2

an action intended to help society vs unintended pos consequences in helping society

Question 3

function vs dysfunction

Answer 3

beneficial consequences of people’s actions vs harmful consequences of people’s actions

Question 4

Conflict theory by Karl Marx. Power

Answer 4

studying inequalities between diff groups in society or power differentials (anti/syn/thesis); social changes aim to reduce inequality, social changes = response to limited resources and how ppl would compete for resources, social changes resolve conflict that are abrupt in nature; consensus = achieved thru power and influence –> coerce agreement to policies –> reinforces inequality
Power - form of influence over other people

Question 5

Social constructionalism

Answer 5

knowledge and everything around us isn’t real in and of themselves

Question 6

weak vs strong social constructionalism

Answer 6

reality = based on brute facts vs reality = based on social convention and habits –> we created everything

Question 7

brute vs institutional facts

Answer 7

facts that can’t be explained by something else (ex: quarks) vs facts that can be explained and rely on other facts (ex: money)

Question 8

Symbolic interactionism

Answer 8

how individuals perceive similar symbols and gestures differently (think tree and thumbs up example); based on Herbert Bloomer’s 3 tenets: action, meaning, change; holds that reality = a social convention that everyone agrees upon; focuses on how meaning is constructed through small-scale social interactions, closely associated w/ social stigma

Question 9

Rational choice vs (social) exchange theory

Answer 9

individ’s decision making process to focus on cost and benefits of their actions vs same as rational choice but in a group, changes in individ’s behavior to maximize anticipated rewards and minimizes anticipated punishment; if it ends in benefits –> you do it again, if it ends in punishment –> you don’t do it again

Question 10

Feminist theory. Glass ceiling

Answer 10

social inequalities = based on gender, subordination of women
Difficult for women to promote in a company

Question 11

Teacher expectancy

Answer 11

teachers tend to get what they want from students if they have high expectations from them

Question 12

List types of social institutions

Answer 12

fam, education, religion, gov’t, economy, medicine

Question 13

monarchy vs dictatorship vs theocracy vs democracy vs charismatic authority

Answer 13

royalty rules but can be limited by constitution or parliament vs one person holds all power vs run by religious leaders vs citizens can vote vs a leader w/ compelling personality

Question 14

Ethnography

Answer 14

study of culture

Question 15

material vs nonmaterial/symbolic culture. What’s cultural lag?

Answer 15

learning culture thru objects or artifacts vs learning culture thru ideas. When material culture changes faster than symbolic culture

Question 16

Cultural barrier vs cultural assimilation

Answer 16

when culture impedes interaction with others vs When a group’s culture begins to melt into that of another group by adopting elements of the other culture

Question 17

Fertility rate vs birth rate vs mortality rate

Answer 17

how many children born to a woman throughout her life time vs # of births per 1000 ppl per year vs # of deaths per 1000 ppl per year

Question 18

Globalization vs urbanization

Answer 18

integrating global economy w/ free trade and tapping into foreign trade markets vs dense areas of population creating cities

Question 19

Ethnocentrism vs Cultural Relativism

Answer 19

Judging actions of another based on one’s own culture vs accepting actions of another based on that other’s culture

Question 20

Demographic transition

Answer 20

Describes changes in birth and death rates in pre/industrial society: stage 1) preindustrialized society, high birth and death rates, 2) improvements in healthcare and nutrition —> low death rates, 3) improvements in contraception, women’s rights, children going to school to be productive —> low birth rates, 4) industrialized society, low birth and death rates

Question 21

Malthusian theory

Answer 21

Pop’s exponential growth exceeds growth of food supply —> degradation and disorder

Question 22

Social movements

Answer 22

Organized to promote change —> proactive or resistance —> reactive; caused by relative deprivation - dec in resources or representation relative to the past or whole society

Question 23

Beneficence vs nonmaleficence vs respect for pt’s autonomy vs justice for medicine

Answer 23

Physicians should act in pt’s best interest vs physicians shouldn’t give to that would be harmful to pt vs physicians should respect pt’s decisions unless sig psychiatric illness, children or public health threat vs physicians should treat all pt’s fairly

Question 24

Push vs pull factors of migration

Answer 24

Neg qualities of old place —> entices emigration vs pos qualities of new place —> entices immigration

Question 25

Kinsey scale

Answer 25

Measures sexuality from 0-6. 0 = hetero, 6 = homo

Question 26

Revolutionary vs redemptive vs reformative vs alternative social movements

Answer 26

Affect a whole group in a radical way vs affect a small percentage in a radical way vs affects everyone but small impact vs a small percentage with small impact