1. Brain

Question 1

Forebrain vs midbrain vs hindbrain

Answer 1

cognition, behavior, movement vs connects fore and hind, motor sensory vs coordination, life balance

Question 2

Lateral vs ventromedial vs anterior hypothalamus

Answer 2

tells you when you’re hungry/thirsty vs tells you to stop eating vs sexual behavior

Question 3

What are the components of forebrain?

Answer 3

cerebral cortex, limbic system, basal ganglia (telencephalon), thalamus as relay station for senses except smell and hypothalamus for homeostasis (diencephalon)

Question 4

What are the components of hindbrain?

Answer 4

Medulla oblongata (myelencephalon), cerebellum (metencephalon) and reticular formation (in charge of life functions)

Question 5

What are the components of midbrain?

Answer 5

Superior colliculi (receive sensory from visual system) and inferior colliculi (receive sensory for auditory system)

Question 6

Prosencephalon vs mesencephalon vs rhombocephalon

Answer 6

forebrain vs midbrain vs hindbrain

Question 7

Components of prosencephalon vs rhombocephalon

Answer 7

diencephalon (hypo/thalamus, pineal gland and posterior pituitary gland) and telencephalon (cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system) vs metencephalon (cerebellum) and myelencephalon (medulla oblongata)

Question 8

What are basal ganglia?

Answer 8

Controls muscle movement; helps w/ procedural memory

Question 9

What’s the limbic system and their components?

Answer 9

regulate emotion and memory; cingulate cortex, basal ganglia, amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, septal nuclei (“c bathhs”)

Question 10

Dominant hemisphere vs nondominant hemisphere

Answer 10

left; logical, language, math, Broca’s and Wernicke’s area vs right; intuition, creative, spatial processing

Question 11

What are septal nuclei? What is the pons?

Answer 11

one of the primary pleasure centers in brain. resides in hindbrain, connects cerebrum to hindbrain, responsible for respiration

Question 12

What role does amygdala do?

Answer 12

fear - basic emotion against a current, known, and tangible threat; usually comes up in fight/flight response

Question 13

Ganglion vs nucleus

Answer 13

collection of nerve cells bodies in PNS vs collection of tracts cell bodies in CNS

Question 14

Name the 4 functions of hypothalamus

Answer 14

feeding, fornicating, flighting, fighting

Question 15

Gyri vs sulci

Answer 15

bumps vs folds

Question 16

Association area vs projection areas

Answer 16

area that integrates input from diff brain regions vs areas that do simple tasks such as perceptual and motor tasks (ex: visual cortex which receive visual input from retina, and motor cortex which sends out motor commands to muscles)

Question 17

grey vs white matter. Know where they are in brain and spinal cord

Answer 17

consists of neuron somas vs myelinated axons

Question 18

Insula

Answer 18

aka insular cortex; separates frontal and parietal lobes from temporal lobes. Deals w/ consciousness, cognition, homeostasis and emotion

Question 19

List the structures surrounding the brain

Answer 19

From out to in: skin, periosteum, bone, and meninges (connective tissue covering the brain; dura, arachnoid and pia mater)

Question 20

Neuropsychology and its various methods

Answer 20

Studying functions and behaviors associated with certain regions of brain. Brain lesions, extirpation, electrical stimulation to make cortical maps, EEG (checks brain activity), look for blood flow in brain in rCBF, CT (cross-sectional areas of brain, doesn’t check for activity), PET (checks brain activity but need to be injected w/ radioactive substances), MRI and fMRI (checks brain activity, safer and more accurate than PET and EEG)

Question 21

Extrapyramidal system

Answer 21

Centers and tracts that gather info about body position and carries this info to CNS

Question 22

Contralaterally vs ipsilaterally

Answer 22

One side of brain communicates with other side of body like left motor neurons control right side body movements vs one side of brain communicates with same side of body like hearing

Question 23

Acetylcholine

Answer 23

A neurotransmitter active in both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Preganglionic neuron releases Ach in both systems; postganglionic neuron releases norepinephrine in sympathetic and more Ach in parasympathetic. Generally considered as excitatory signal since it’s linked to attn and arousal in CNS

Question 24

Fam studies vs twin studies vs adoption studies

Answer 24

Related ppl = more genotypically similar than unrelated ppl vs comparing concordance rates (likelihood of showing same traits) b/w identical and fraternal twins vs comparing similarities b/w biological relatives & adopted child to similarities b/w adopted relatives & adopted child