7. Disorders Flashcards
pos vs neg sx of schizo and give examples (schizophrenia = psychotic d/o FYI)
extra behavior added to nml behavior vs absence of nml behavior
Ex: delusions (grandeur aka thinking they’re so amazing, reference aka common elements are being directed towards individual, persecution aka person is being deliberately threatened against, thought broadcasting aka pt’s thoughts are being broadcasted to world, and thought insertion aka thoughts being placed in their head), hallucinations, disorganized thought/loosening of associations like word salad or neologism, disorganized behavior like echolalia (repeating another’s words), or echopraxia (imitating another’s actions) vs flat affect, inappropriate affect aka discordant feelings to content of speech, avolition aka dec engagement in goals, disorganized behavior like catatonia
To be dx, you have to have sx for 6 mo with 1 mo of active sx
Prodromal stage
stage in which there’s deterioration in person’s behavior; could help dx schizo
Describe mesocorticalimbic pathway for schizo
ventral tegmental area carries dopamine to cerebral cortex
Common brain imaging for schizo
less cerebral cortex tissue, more fluid in the center
Common circumstances regarding hormones for major depressive disorder
abnml stress hormones/cortisol, abnml neuroplasticity
Describe raphe nuclei vs locus coeruleus vs VTA for maj dep disorder
when multiple parts of brain stem project seratonin across cerebrum vs part of brain stem releases norepinephrine across cerebrum vs ventral tegmental area carries dopamine to cerebral cortex
Sx of maj dep disorder. One possible tx for it
Anhedonia: lack of pleasure, avolition: lost interest, depressed mood
SIG E. CAPS: sadness + sleep, interest, guilt, energy, concentration, appetite, psychomotor sx, suicidal; overactive amygdala; decreased levels of the neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine levels => monoamine theory of depression
Tx: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor —> allows more serotonin in blood —> bring up mood
What’s seasonal affective disorder?
maj dep disorder with seasonal onset; hypothesized that the lack of sunlight during the winter causes disruptions in melatonin metabolism –> affecting mood; can be treated with bright light therapy (exposed to bright light for a certain period of a day), sx: inc activity in serotonin transporter (it reduces serotonin)
List anxiety disorders vs stress-related d/o
GAD (tension and worry), phobias, OCD, panic disorder (panic attacks, agoraphobia), social anxiety d/o vs PTSD
Intrusion vs avoidance vs neg cognitive vs arousal sx of PTSD
reliving memories vs avoiding memories vs can’t recall memories vs inc response to memories, stimulation of sympathetic nervous system
somatic/physical sx disorder vs conversion disorder vs factitious disorder vs illness anxiety d/o
any sx, can/not be medically explained, lots of stress and anxiety vs neurological sx like speech, dysphagia or seizures, cannot be medically explained, psychological stress and trauma vs people want to be “sick” vs ppl think they’re sick –> visit hospitals and clinics a lot
Cluster A (odd and eccentric) vs B (dramatic, emotional, erratic) vs C (anxious and fearful) personality disorders
schizoid (detached emotionally), schizotypal (magical thinking), paranoid (suspicious, distrust) vs antisocial (superficial charm, manipulative, lack of empathy, pathological liar), borderline (instability in interpersonal behavior, mood and self image; splitting defense mechanism), histrionic (attn seeking), narcissistic vs avoidant (avoid situations susceptible to criticism, shy, isolated), dependent (clingy, constant need of reassurance), OCD (perfection)
Name 3 types of sleep apnea
obstructive sleep apnea, central sleep apnea, associated hyperventilation
Describe general bipolar disorder, their two types and overall sxs
extreme highs and lows; initial high self esteem and optimism that could lead to poor decisions, risky behavior or delusions of grandeur => mania; manic episodes = followed by depressive episodes. Bipolar I disorder: hypomanic episodes turn to full mania with or w/o maj dep episodes, bipolar II disorder: hypomanic episodes don’t turn to full mania but has at least 1 maj dep episode
Distractible, insomnia, grandiosity, flight of ideas, agitation, speech, thoughtlessness aka risky behavior. Increased serotonin and norepinephrine levels, high heritability
Describe the reward circuit
nucleus accumbens –> medial forebrain bundle –> VTA in midbrain releases dopamine to amgydala (emotion), nucleus accumbens (motor function), prefrontal cortex (attn) and hippocampus (memory); dopamine (pleasure) inc, but serotonin (satiety) dec
