8. Socialization

Question 1

What is socialization?

Answer 1

Process in which people learn norms and values of society to successfully function in society

Question 2

What’s Yerkes-Dodson Law of social facilitation? Know the graph

Answer 2

you’re better at doing simpler tasks and worse at doing complex tasks when you’re being watched. X axis = arousal, y axis = performance; bell shaped curve: going up = increasing attn and interest, apex = optimal performance and arousal, going down = impaired performance cuz strong anxiety

Question 3

Social loafing

Answer 3

putting in less effort in a group

Question 4

Identity shift effect vs cognitive dissonance

Answer 4

when a person conforms after feeling threatened by social rejection (happens in peer pressure) vs simultaneous presence of 2 opposing thoughts

Question 5

Groupthink. Be aware of the 8 factors

Answer 5

when a group comes together to fix a poor decision. Illusion of morality, invulnerability (optimism and encourage taking risks) and unanimity, self-censorship, excessive stereotyping (using stereotypes against outside opinions), collective rationalization (ignoring warnings against ideas of group), pressure of conformity, mindguards (appoint members to protect opposing views)

Question 6

Culture, culture shock, culture assimilation

Answer 6

set of beliefs and values that are characteristic to a group of people. When someone is dramatically surprised at one’s culture. When a group’s culture begins to melt into that of another group by adopting elements of the other culture, can relinquish old norms

Question 7

primary vs secondary socialization and anticipatory socialization vs resocialization

Answer 7

children learn acceptable attitudes and values typically from parents, occurs only in childhood vs learn acceptable behavior outside of home vs getting ready for new changes in job, home or relationships vs forgetting old culture and take in new culture

Question 8

norms vs mores vs sanctions vs taboo vs stigma

Answer 8

rules that define boundaries of acceptable behavior vs widely accepted social norms that govern moraltiy/ethics, result from socialization vs penalties of misconduct or rewards for behavior vs socially unacceptable vs extreme disapproval/dislike of person or group based on perceived differences from rest of society

Question 9

labeling theory vs differential association theory vs strain theory

Answer 9

when you label somone, it affects their self esteem vs deviance = learned thru interaction of others vs deviance = natural rxn when there’s a disconnect between social goals and social structure (ex. American dream - goal is good but the structure doesn’t guarantee education or opportunity needed to reach that goal); by Merton

Question 10

conformity vs compliance vs obedience - social influences on behavior

Answer 10

fitting in vs agreeing to a direct request vs agreeing to a direct request under authority figure

Question 11

foot in the door vs door in the face vs lowball vs that’s not all techniques for compliance

Answer 11

make a small request and if accepted, make a bigger request; sometimes make a request of related behavior vs make a big request and if rejected, make a small request vs offer request and they accept but turns out there’s more cost; sometimes make a harder request for same behavior vs offer request and then tell em it’s better than expected (but wait, there’s more!)

Question 12

What’s attitude and what are the 3 components of attitude?

Answer 12

expression of pos or neg feelings towards something; affective (emotion), behavioral (acts), cognitive (thinks) => ABC

Question 13

Functional attitudes theory

Answer 13

attitude serves 4 functions: knowledge, ego expression, ego defense, adaptation

Question 14

knowledge vs ego expression vs ego defense vs adaptation of attitude theory

Answer 14

attitudes organize thoughts/experience vs attitudes communicate our self identity vs attitudes protects and justify self esteem vs attitudes accept others socially

Question 15

Deindividuation vs group repolarization

Answer 15

group’s mentality overshadows individual’s mentality –> “got carried away” vs group’s decision = more extreme than individ’s decision

Question 16

Learning theory of attitude

Answer 16

attitude is gained thru different forms of learning: direct contact, direct interaction, direct instruction, conditioning

Question 17

Internalization vs identification for conformity

Answer 17

changing your behavior to fit a group’s idea while privately agreeing to that idea vs accepting ideas w/o personally taking them

Question 18

Elaboration likelihood model and 2 processings involved

Answer 18

separate individs on how they eval info; truthfulness of msg doesn’t cause persuasion, but the length of msg and attractiveness of msg deliverer cause persuasion. Central route processing = deep thinking of info (high elab; think of voter being swayed by cogent arguments) and peripheral route processing = superficial details of info (low elab; think of voter being swayed by charisma)

Question 19

What’s deviance?

Answer 19

act or behavior that goes against social norms, tends to lead to stigmatization; does not necessarily imply judgment

Question 20

Cultural learning aka cultural transmission vs cultural diffusion

Answer 20

A manner in which society socialized its members vs spreading norms, values and beliefs throughout the culture

Question 21

Multiculturalism vs subcultures

Answer 21

Encouragement of multiple cultures within community to enhance diversity vs group of ppl within a culture that distinguishes themselves from primary culture

Question 22

Social action vs social interaction

Answer 22

Effects of a group on an individual’s behavior vs effects of multiple individuals have on each other

Question 23

Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison experiment

Answer 23

Recruited 21 male college students for role play. All participants role played “guards” and “prisoners” realistically and experiment had to end early cuz “guards” were abusing “prisoners” —> deindividuation and internalization

Question 24

Formal vs Informal learning

Answer 24

Learning set of skills like reading, writing, math, etc vs Learning a set of skills that aren’t so obvious (ex: competition thru grades, patriotism thru pledge of allegiance)

Question 25

Social control theory

Answer 25

states that ppl’s relationships, values and beliefs will prevent them from breaking the law or doing deviant behavior and encourages conformity

Question 26

Micro vs macro theory of sociology

Answer 26

micro-level theories are concerned with interactions between individuals (ex: symbolic interactionism) vs interactions between groups of people (ex: functionalism, conflict theory, feminist theory)