Learning/Memory

Question 1

What are the 3 stages of memory?

Answer 1

encoding, storage, retrieval

Question 2

Semantic vs episodic memory. What’s source monitoring error? What’s semantic network? What’s spread activation?

Answer 2

recalling general facts vs personal facts; both of these make up explicit/declarative memory which requires hippocampus. Confusing/mixing up semantic and episodic memories, can recall info but say from incorrect source
Association of similar concepts in the mind to help aid retrieval
Theory of how info = retrieved from semantic network

Question 3

habituation vs dishabituation

Answer 3

inc exposure of stimulus to dec response vs temp response after habituation, can be introduced after a new stimulus (ex: getting over a fear)

Question 4

Extinction vs spontaneous recovery

Answer 4

When only CS = presented, and CR gradually dec —> no response after CS vs a weaker CR to CS after apparent extinction

Question 5

generalization vs discrimination

Answer 5

grouping similar stimuli –> same response vs distinction b/w stimuli

Question 6

escape learning vs avoidance learning

Answer 6

reduce or distance yourself from neg stimulus vs prevent or avoid a forthcoming neg stimulus. BOTH ARE NEG REINFORCEMENT

Question 7

Preparedness vs instinctive drift

Answer 7

when learning coincides w/ natural behavior vs when learning overcomes natural behaviors

Question 8

Fixed ratio vs variable ratio vs fixed interval vs variable interval schedules

Answer 8

reward behavior after X times, high response rate w/ pauses after reinforcement vs reward behavior after random X times, high consistent response rates vs reward behavior after X time periods, moderate response rate w/ long pauses after reinforcement vs reward behavior after random X time periods, moderate steady response rate

Question 9

What is shaping? What is priming?

Answer 9

rewarding specific behaviors; can be used to coordinate complicated, multi stages behaviors
Using cues to trigger a memory

Question 10

automatic processing vs controlled processing

Answer 10

processing w/o effort (ex: noticing weather, route, same barista) vs with effort (ex: active memorization like making flash cards for MCAT). Both = involved in divided attn

Question 11

Visual vs acoustic vs semantic encoding vs self reference effect

Answer 11

processing info as visual vs as sound vs in context vs putting it in our own lives/context

Question 12

Method of loci vs peg word system

Answer 12

associating items in list along route vs associating words w/ numbers

Question 13

iconic memory vs echoic memory vs haptic memory

Answer 13

visual input vs auditory input vs touch input; all are subsets of sensory memory which lasts a very short amount of time

Question 14

Explicit memory vs implicit memory

Answer 14

Long term memory retrieved consciously and factually, consists of semantic and episodic memory, requires hippocampus; aka declarative memory vs long term memory retrieved unconsciously, includes procedural memory, doesn’t require hippocampus –> could use basal ganglia instead (ex: tying shoes or riding a bike); aka nondeclarative memory

Question 15

What is spacing effect?

Answer 15

longer amount of time b/w session of relearning –> greater retention

Question 16

Context effect vs state-dependent memory

Answer 16

remember better in same setting vs remember better in same mental state

Question 17

What’s the serial position effect?

Answer 17

forgetting items in middle of list –> primacy or recency effect

Question 18

Korsakoff’s syndrome

Answer 18

forgetting b/c you have thiamine deficiency

Question 19

What’s confabulation and agnosia?

Answer 19

making vivid but fake memories; inability to recognize anything

Question 20

Prospective memory

Answer 20

remembering to do something in the future

Question 21

Alan Baddeley’s model for working memory has 4 parts. What are they?

Answer 21

Phonological loop (deals w/ written and spoken material), central executive, episodic buffer (backup store communicating w/ working and long term memory), visuospatial sketch pad (“inner eye”, deals w/ visual and spatial info). Working memory - holding and process limited amount of info for short amount of time

Question 22

Who’s Ivan Pavlov?

Answer 22

Conducted experiment about bell and salivating dogs —> classical conditioning: concerned with instincts and biological responses

Question 23

Who’s Albert Bandura?

Answer 23

Bodo doll —> observational learning. Social cognitive theory, social learning theory

Question 24

Who’s Stanley Milgram?

Answer 24

Obedience experiments

Question 25

Maintenance rehearsal vs elaborative rehearsal

Answer 25

involves shallow processing, repetition of info to keep in working memory or short term memory vs deep processing, trying to actively store info on long term memory

Question 26

Vygotsky Zone of Proximal Development

Answer 26

How much a child can learn independently and then eventually needing to learn from guided instruction

Question 27

Astereognosis vs visual agnosia vs apperceptive agnosia vs associative agnosia vs prospoagnosia

Answer 27

Tactile agnosia/can’t recognize objects by touch vs can’t recognize objects when seeing them vs type of visual agnosia caused by failed perception vs type of visual agnosia with accurate perception but still can’t recognize it vs can’t recognize people from A, B and C

Question 28

Who’s BF Skinner?

Answer 28

Father of behaviorism: all behaviors are conditioned; operant conditioning (reinforcement and punishment); learning theory is based off him

Question 29

Un/conditioned stimulus/response and acquisition

Answer 29

UCS = any stimulus causing a reflexive response, that reflexive response becomes UCR. Stimuli that don’t produce a reflexive response = neutral stimuli; neutral stimuli that has potential in producing a reflexive response = signaling stimuli. CS = formerly neutral stimulus that has now caused a reflexive response, that reflexive response becomes CR. Only UCS causes UR and only CS causes CR. 
Acquisition = process of turning a neutral stimulus into a CS

Question 30

Mirror neurons

Answer 30

In frontal and parietal lobes; involved in observational learning, motor processes, empathy and vicarious emotions

Question 31

Whole report vs partial report

Answer 31

In iconic memory, you can be asked to recall something from whole image vs something from a portion of the image, incredibly accurate only immediately after presentation

Question 32

Interference aka interference effect. Proactive vs retroactive interference

Answer 32

Retrieval error caused by existence of other info. Old info interfering with new learning (ex: learning a new address) vs new info causes forgetting of old info (ex: learning new names and forgetting old names)

Question 33

Synaptic pruning. Long term potentiation

Answer 33

As we grow older, weak neural connections are broken and strong ones are bolstered —> inc ability to process info. Repeated stimulus —> stimulated neurons release transmitters more efficiently —> inc receptor density; this term serves as basis for long term memory

Question 34

Positive vs negative meanings for reinforcement/punishment

Answer 34

Pos = add (pos/neg) stimulus vs neg = remove (pos/neg) stimulus. Reinforcement = inc behavior, punishment = dec behavior

Question 35

Primary vs secondary/conditional reinforcement. Primary vs secondary/conditional punishment

Answer 35

Using US as reinforcer (ex: getting cookies for getting good grades, b/c cookies give natural happiness) vs using CS as reinforcer (ex: getting $$ for getting good grades, b/c $$ initially is just paper and has no innate value). Using US as punisher (ex: getting spanked for bad grades) vs using CS as punisher (ex: getting a speeding ticket for speeding, b/c the ticket is initially just paper and has no innate value)

Question 36

Token economy

Answer 36

Using tokens to reward good behavior as outlined in operant conditioning. 3 requirements: tokens which are secondary reinforcers b/c no inherent value (ie. Objects or symbols that can be exchanged for rewards), target behavior, rewards which are primary reinforcers b/c they have inherent value (ie. materialistic prizes, services or privileges)

Question 37

Short term vs long term memory

Answer 37

Holding but not processing limited amount of info for a short time; involves 7+/-2 rule (but nowadays it’s 4+/-1 chunks of info); need attentiveness to keep info in short term memory vs storing unlimited amount of info for indefinite amount of time, can recall; consists of explicit and implicit memory; need rehearsal to keep info in long term memory

Question 38

Anterograde memory vs anterograde amnesia vs retrograde memory vs retrograde amnesia

Answer 38

Ability to make new long term memories s/p event vs inability to make new memories s/p event (but can still recall past) vs ability to recall past memories s/p event vs inability to recall past memories s/p event

Question 39

misinformation effect

Answer 39

when info itself = incorrectly remembered

Question 40

Dual-coding theory

Answer 40

brain uses multiple cues to process and store information, including both vocabulary or linguistic words and visual memories. The redundancy in being able to recall the same information using multiple examples gives robustness to these memories and allows them to be recalled more easily