2. Sensation/Perception

Question 1

Transduction

Answer 1

taking physical energy from environment and turning it into electrical energy in somatosensory cortex in parietal lobe

Question 2

Sensation

Answer 2

PNS receptors forward stimuli to CNS as action potentials/neurotransmitters

Question 3

Threshold aka limina

Answer 3

minimum stimulus diff for us to perceive differently

Question 4

Absolute vs difference threshold

Answer 4

minimum stimulus to activate sensation vs minimal difference b/w 2 stimuli to notice a diff in perception

Question 5

Response bias

Answer 5

tendency for people to respond a certain way due to nonsensory factors

Question 6

Catch vs noise trials. Hits vs misses vs false alarm vs correct negative

Answer 6

trials in which signal = presented vs trials in which signal = not presented. Correctly perceives vs fails to perceive vs perceive but wrong vs correctly not perceive

Question 7

Law of Pragnanz

Answer 7

perception will always be as simple, symmetrical and regular as possible; IT’S A GESTALT PRINCIPLE

Question 8

Phonology vs morphology vs semantics vs syntax vs pragmatics

Answer 8

word sounds vs word structure vs meaning of words vs how words are put together vs context of words

Question 9

Categorical perception

Answer 9

detecting subtle diff in perception of words, Differentiating between phonemes and other naturally produced sounds

Question 10

Prosody

Answer 10

rhythm, cadence and inflection in our voices

Question 11

Sensory adaption. What happens if there’s like of this?

Answer 11

Alteration to sensitivity after prolonged presence or absence of stimulation. Lack of sensory adaptation –. no response to stimuli at all

Question 12

Distal vs proximal stimuli

Answer 12

Stimuli originating from outside world (ex: campfire) vs directly interact with sensory receptors, can tell info about distal stimuli (ex: light from campfire)

Question 13

Subliminal perception

Answer 13

Perception of stimulus below a given threshold

Question 14

Weber’s Law and Just Noticeable Difference

Answer 14

Difference threshold is a ratio aka proportion. YOU NEED A BASELINE FOR WEBER’S LAW
JND - min amount of stimulus magnitude that has to be changed in order to be noticeable. Weber’s fraction - compared JND to original stimulus

Question 15

Proprioception aka kinesthetic sense

Answer 15

Ability to tell where one’s body is in space

Question 16

Gestalt principles

Answer 16

When we infer the rest of the image when only given a part; law of continuity, law of similarity, law of pragnanz, law of closure, law of alignment, law of good continuation

Question 17

Law of proximity vs law of similarity vs law of closure vs law of good continuation vs law of alignment

Answer 17

Elements close together are perceived as a unit vs objects that are similarly to e/o are grouped together vs when a space is enclosed by a contour, it’s perceived as a complete image vs elements are appear in same pathway are grouped together vs groups items that indicate a direct relationship, often connecting items by uniform visual properties

Question 18

Bottom up vs top down processing

Answer 18

Stimulus influences perception, AKA INDUCTIVE REASONING vs previous background knowledge influences perception; AKA DEDUCTIVE REASONING. Both deal with sensory input, not reasoning

Question 19

When do infants develop depth perception? What contributes to depth perception?

Answer 19

6.5-12 months; it’s innate

Retinal disparity - binocular depth cue

Question 20

Describe types of monocular cues

Answer 20

interposition - infers position, motion parallax/relative motion - when you’re moving, objects closer than your visual focus pt move opposite direction as you and objects farther from your visual focus pt move in same direction as you (ex: car vs moon), relative size - infers distance: if 2 objects = similar size then the smaller object = perceived farther away, relative height - infers distance: higher objects = perceived further while lower objects = perceived closer