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Insula
aka insular cortex; separates frontal and parietal lobes from temporal lobes. Deals w/ consciousness, cognition, homeostasis and emotion
Dorsal prefrontal cortex vs ventral prefrontal cortex vs ventromedial prefrontal cortex
Deals with attn and cognition vs connects brain regions associated with emotion vs role in decision making and controls emotional responses from amygdala
What’s place theory vs basilar tuning? Tonotypical mapping?
Idea that pitch is determined by location of cochlea vs when base of basilar membrane and close to oval window detects high freq and tip of basilar membrane and away from oval window detects low freq. Mapping where high and low freq sounds will be detected at level of temporal cortex
Synaptic pruning. Long term potentiation
As we grow older, weak neural connections are broken and strong ones are bolstered —> inc ability to process info. Repeated stimulus —> stimulated neurons release transmitters more efficiently —> inc receptor density; this term serves as basis for long term memory
Astereognosis vs visual agnosia vs apperceptive agnosia vs associative agnosia vs prospoagnosia
Tactile agnosia/can’t recognize objects by touch vs can’t recognize objects when seeing them vs type of visual agnosia caused by failed perception vs type of visual agnosia with accurate perception but still can’t recognize it vs can’t recognize people from A, B and C
Fixed ratio vs variable ratio vs fixed interval vs variable interval schedules
reward behavior after X times, high response rate w/ pauses after reinforcement vs reward behavior after random X times, high consistent response rates vs reward behavior after X time periods, moderate response rate w/ long pauses after reinforcement vs reward behavior after random X time periods, moderate steady response rate
Learning theory of attitude
attitude is gained thru different forms of learning: direct contact, direct interaction, direct instruction, conditioning
amacrine & horizontal cells vs bipolar cells vs ganglion cells
receive input from photoreceptors before passing them to bipolar and ganglion cells (they’re basically interneurons) vs highlight gradients between adjacent rods and cones vs with which bipolar cells synapse to form optic nerve (but bipolar cells don’t make up optic nerve, JUST GANGLION CELLS)
ACTION POTENTIALS = ALL OR NONE PROPERTY
SO ITS AMP = SAME, ONLY CONDUCTION VEL CAN CHANGE
How to tackle passages
1) keep track of exptl methods and sample size
2) learn how to interpret data; always use the figures
What is the key characteristic of a group?
SENSE OF UNITY
Self-handicapping
process of developing (anticipating failure) behavioral reactions and explanations that minimize personal responsibility for the failure.
Do you need a baseline for Weber’s Law?
YES YOU NEED A BASELINE FOR WEBER’S LAW
Describe types of monocular cues
interposition - infers position, motion parallax/relative motion - when you’re moving, objects closer than your visual focus pt move opposite direction as you and objects farther from your visual focus pt move in same direction as you (ex: car vs moon), relative size - infers distance: if 2 objects = similar size then the smaller object = perceived farther away, relative height - infers distance: higher objects = perceived further while lower objects = perceived closer
Retinal disparity
binocular depth cue, gives slightly diff view of same object, contributes to depth perception
Alan Baddeley’s 4 parts of working memory
Phonological loop (deals w/ written and spoken material), central executive, episodic buffer (backup store communicating w/ working and long term memory), visuospatial sketch pad (“inner eye”, deals w/ visual and spatial info). Working memory - holding and process limited amount of info for short amount of time
Presbyopia vs amblyopia vs strabismus vs nystagmus
Type of hyperopia (farsightedness), inability to focus vision of close-up objects vs one eye = communicating less visual info than other eye —> loss of vision in that eye —> brain learns to ignore visual stimulation of non dominant eye vs “lazy eye”, lack of coordination b/w extraocular muscles that orient eyes together in same direction, if not corrected —> non dominant eye will lose function, causes amblyopia vs condition of involuntary eye movements like eye shutter, doesn’t affect vision
What role does amygdala do?
fear - basic emotion against a current, known, and tangible threat; usually comes up in fight/flight response
Stages of Change model aka Transtheoretical Model
1) precontemplation - individual = unaware of their behavior and doesn’t plan to change
2) contemplation - individual = aware of their behavior and = actively thinking of ways to change
3) preparation - individual plans what it would take to make the change
4) action - individual implementing the plan/doing the change
5) maintenance - individual maintaining the change
What does phosphodiesterase do?
converts cGMP to GMP –> closes Na+ channels
Hair cells in cochlea = what type of receptors?
mechanoreceptors
Self-serving (attributional bias) vs actor-observer bias
Individuals view their own success based on internal factors (ie. Good behavior and traits) and view their failures based on external factors (ie. Situational) vs actors attribute their actions based on dispositional factors, while observers attribute actor’s actions based on situational factors
Suburbanization vs urban decay vs urban renewal vs gentrification
Migration pattern of middle class to suburban communities vs previously functional portion of a city deteriorates and becomes decrepit over time vs reverse of urban decay: city land is renovated for public and private use vs when upper and middle class pop buys and renovated neighborhoods in deteriorated areas –> urban renewal; inc social stratification, inc displacement of low income fam, inc tax-base for local gov’t, there’s no affordable housing –> inc influx of affluent groups,
micro vs macro theory of sociology
micro-level theories are concerned with interactions between individuals (ex: symbolic interactionism) vs interactions between groups of people (ex: functionalism, conflict theory, feminist theory)
How does group size matter?
in basic group dynamics: Bigger group = more stable but less intimate, smaller groups = less stable but more intimate
rooting vs Moro reflex
anything touching cheek –> head turns vs any head movements –> arms fan out
what type of memory does basal ganglia help?
procedural
Lazarus theory
interpretation of event happens before simultaneous arousal+emotion –> no physiological response or emotion = elicited; basically storytelling
How is critical theory diff than conflict theory?
critical theory doesn’t address power struggle like conflict theory does
Affinity vs potency vs efficacy vs effectiveness
ability of drug to bind to receptor vs amount of drug required to produce an effect vs ability of tx to work in a lab setting vs ability of tx to work in a clinical setting
Anomia vs agraphia
inability to name objects vs inability to write
Pheromones vs standard odor molec bind to what?
GPCR odorant receptors in accessory olfactory epithelium, they elicit more behavioral responses vs GPCR odorant receptors in olfactory epithelium
