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Question 1

Insula

Answer 1

aka insular cortex; separates frontal and parietal lobes from temporal lobes. Deals w/ consciousness, cognition, homeostasis and emotion

Question 2

Dorsal prefrontal cortex vs ventral prefrontal cortex vs ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Answer 2

Deals with attn and cognition vs connects brain regions associated with emotion vs role in decision making and controls emotional responses from amygdala

Question 3

What’s place theory vs basilar tuning? Tonotypical mapping?

Answer 3

Idea that pitch is determined by location of cochlea vs when base of basilar membrane and close to oval window detects high freq and tip of basilar membrane and away from oval window detects low freq. Mapping where high and low freq sounds will be detected at level of temporal cortex

Question 4

Synaptic pruning. Long term potentiation

Answer 4

As we grow older, weak neural connections are broken and strong ones are bolstered —> inc ability to process info. Repeated stimulus —> stimulated neurons release transmitters more efficiently —> inc receptor density; this term serves as basis for long term memory

Question 5

Astereognosis vs visual agnosia vs apperceptive agnosia vs associative agnosia vs prospoagnosia

Answer 5

Tactile agnosia/can’t recognize objects by touch vs can’t recognize objects when seeing them vs type of visual agnosia caused by failed perception vs type of visual agnosia with accurate perception but still can’t recognize it vs can’t recognize people from A, B and C

Question 6

Fixed ratio vs variable ratio vs fixed interval vs variable interval schedules

Answer 6

reward behavior after X times, high response rate w/ pauses after reinforcement vs reward behavior after random X times, high consistent response rates vs reward behavior after X time periods, moderate response rate w/ long pauses after reinforcement vs reward behavior after random X time periods, moderate steady response rate

Question 7

Learning theory of attitude

Answer 7

attitude is gained thru different forms of learning: direct contact, direct interaction, direct instruction, conditioning

Question 8

amacrine & horizontal cells vs bipolar cells vs ganglion cells

Answer 8

receive input from photoreceptors before passing them to bipolar and ganglion cells (they’re basically interneurons) vs highlight gradients between adjacent rods and cones vs with which bipolar cells synapse to form optic nerve (but bipolar cells don’t make up optic nerve, JUST GANGLION CELLS)

Question 9

ACTION POTENTIALS = ALL OR NONE PROPERTY

Answer 9

SO ITS AMP = SAME, ONLY CONDUCTION VEL CAN CHANGE

Question 10

How to tackle passages

Answer 10

1) keep track of exptl methods and sample size

2) learn how to interpret data; always use the figures

Question 11

What is the key characteristic of a group?

Answer 11

SENSE OF UNITY

Question 12

Self-handicapping

Answer 12

process of developing (anticipating failure) behavioral reactions and explanations that minimize personal responsibility for the failure.

Question 13

Do you need a baseline for Weber’s Law?

Answer 13

YES YOU NEED A BASELINE FOR WEBER’S LAW

Question 14

Describe types of monocular cues

Answer 14

interposition - infers position, motion parallax/relative motion - when you’re moving, objects closer than your visual focus pt move opposite direction as you and objects farther from your visual focus pt move in same direction as you (ex: car vs moon), relative size - infers distance: if 2 objects = similar size then the smaller object = perceived farther away, relative height - infers distance: higher objects = perceived further while lower objects = perceived closer

Question 15

Retinal disparity

Answer 15

binocular depth cue, gives slightly diff view of same object, contributes to depth perception

Question 16

Alan Baddeley’s 4 parts of working memory

Answer 16

Phonological loop (deals w/ written and spoken material), central executive, episodic buffer (backup store communicating w/ working and long term memory), visuospatial sketch pad (“inner eye”, deals w/ visual and spatial info). Working memory - holding and process limited amount of info for short amount of time

Question 17

Presbyopia vs amblyopia vs strabismus vs nystagmus

Answer 17

Type of hyperopia (farsightedness), inability to focus vision of close-up objects vs one eye = communicating less visual info than other eye —> loss of vision in that eye —> brain learns to ignore visual stimulation of non dominant eye vs “lazy eye”, lack of coordination b/w extraocular muscles that orient eyes together in same direction, if not corrected —> non dominant eye will lose function, causes amblyopia vs condition of involuntary eye movements like eye shutter, doesn’t affect vision

Question 18

What role does amygdala do?

Answer 18

fear - basic emotion against a current, known, and tangible threat; usually comes up in fight/flight response

Question 19

Stages of Change model aka Transtheoretical Model

Answer 19

1) precontemplation - individual = unaware of their behavior and doesn’t plan to change
2) contemplation - individual = aware of their behavior and = actively thinking of ways to change
3) preparation - individual plans what it would take to make the change
4) action - individual implementing the plan/doing the change
5) maintenance - individual maintaining the change

Question 20

What does phosphodiesterase do?

Answer 20

converts cGMP to GMP –> closes Na+ channels

Question 21

Hair cells in cochlea = what type of receptors?

Answer 21

mechanoreceptors

Question 22

Self-serving (attributional bias) vs actor-observer bias

Answer 22

Individuals view their own success based on internal factors (ie. Good behavior and traits) and view their failures based on external factors (ie. Situational) vs actors attribute their actions based on dispositional factors, while observers attribute actor’s actions based on situational factors

Question 23

Suburbanization vs urban decay vs urban renewal vs gentrification

Answer 23

Migration pattern of middle class to suburban communities vs previously functional portion of a city deteriorates and becomes decrepit over time vs reverse of urban decay: city land is renovated for public and private use vs when upper and middle class pop buys and renovated neighborhoods in deteriorated areas –> urban renewal; inc social stratification, inc displacement of low income fam, inc tax-base for local gov’t, there’s no affordable housing –> inc influx of affluent groups,

Question 24

micro vs macro theory of sociology

Answer 24

micro-level theories are concerned with interactions between individuals (ex: symbolic interactionism) vs interactions between groups of people (ex: functionalism, conflict theory, feminist theory)

Question 25

How does group size matter?

Answer 25

in basic group dynamics: Bigger group = more stable but less intimate, smaller groups = less stable but more intimate

Question 26

rooting vs Moro reflex

Answer 26

anything touching cheek –> head turns vs any head movements –> arms fan out

Question 27

what type of memory does basal ganglia help?

Answer 27

procedural

Question 28

Lazarus theory

Answer 28

interpretation of event happens before simultaneous arousal+emotion –> no physiological response or emotion = elicited; basically storytelling

Question 29

How is critical theory diff than conflict theory?

Answer 29

critical theory doesn’t address power struggle like conflict theory does

Question 30

Affinity vs potency vs efficacy vs effectiveness

Answer 30

ability of drug to bind to receptor vs amount of drug required to produce an effect vs ability of tx to work in a lab setting vs ability of tx to work in a clinical setting

Question 31

Anomia vs agraphia

Answer 31

inability to name objects vs inability to write

Question 32

Pheromones vs standard odor molec bind to what?

Answer 32

GPCR odorant receptors in accessory olfactory epithelium, they elicit more behavioral responses vs GPCR odorant receptors in olfactory epithelium