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theories Flashcards

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1
Q

who created the multi store memory model ?

A

Atkinson and Shiffrin 1968

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2
Q

what is the first store in the MSMM ?

A

sensory register

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3
Q

how does information enter the sensory register ?

A

by a stimulus from the environment

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4
Q

how is information taken into the sensory register ?

A

it is encoded

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5
Q

how long does information last in the sensory register ?

A

2 seconds

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6
Q

how is information stored in the sensory register ?

A

as senses

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7
Q

what is the capacity and duration of the sensory register ?

A

unlimited, but information is lost very quickly

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8
Q

why is information lost quickly in the sensory register ?

A

we don’t pay attention to it

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9
Q

how is information lost in the sensory register ?

A

via decay

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10
Q

where does the sensory register lead to ?

A

short term memory store

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11
Q

how is information transferred from the sensory register to the stm ?

A

information we pay attention to

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12
Q

how are memories encoded in stm

A

acoustically

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13
Q

how long do stm memories last ?

A

up to 30 secs

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14
Q

what is the capacity of stm ?

A

around 7 chunks

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15
Q

how is information kept in the stm

A

maintenance rehearsal

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16
Q

how is memory lost in stm ?

A

displacement

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17
Q

how does information transfer from the stm to the ltm ?

A

elaborative rehearsal

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18
Q

what is elaborative rehearsal ?

A

information is repeated acoustically or linked to something we already know

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19
Q

how is information encoded in ltm ?

A

by attaching meaning to the information

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20
Q

what is the capacity of the ltm ?

A

unlimited

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21
Q

what is the duration of the ltm store ?

A

unlimited

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22
Q

how does info transfer from ltm to stm ?

A

retrieval

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23
Q

how is information lost in stm ?

A

decay or interference

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24
Q

who created the working memory model ?

A

baddeley and hitch 1947

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25
Q

what type of memory does the working memory model focus on ?

A

short term memory

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26
Q

what are the different components of the working memory model ?

A

phonological loop
central executive
visuospatial sketch pad
episodic buffer

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27
Q

what is the central executive ?

A
  • the central control system which has a supervisory role
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28
Q

what does the central executive do ?

A

monitors incoming data and makes decisions about which of the 2 subsystems it should be placed into

carries out attentional processes of our memory system

focused divides and switched attention to different stimuli

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29
Q

what is the phonological loop ?

A
  • deals with auditory and language based information
  • preserves the order in which information arrives
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30
Q

what are the 2 sections of the phonological loop ?

A
  • phonological store
  • articulatory processes
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31
Q

what is the phonological store ?

A

stores auditory information and gives memory of sounds

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32
Q

what is the articulatory process ?

A

maintenance rehearsal in loop format, subvocalsing happens here

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33
Q

how many seconds of information does the articulatory process hold ?

A

2 seconds

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34
Q

what is subvocalising ?

A

your inner voice - repeating things to yourself

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35
Q

what is the visuo spatial sketch pad ?

A

stores visual and spatial information

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36
Q

what is the capacity of the visuo spatial sketch pad ?

A
  • 3-4 objects
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37
Q

what are the 2 modalities of the visuospatial sketch pad ?

A
  • visual cache
  • inner scribe
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38
Q

what is the visual cache ?

A

visual storage system which retains all data inputted via your visual sense

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39
Q

what is the inner scribe ?

A

records arrangement of objects within a visual field allowing rehearsal of spatial information

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40
Q

when was the episodic buffer added ?

A

2000

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41
Q

what is the episodic buffer ?

A

a temporary store that intergrates acoustic visual and spatial information

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42
Q

what does the episodic buffer do ?

A

maintain a sense of time

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43
Q

what is the episodic buffers capacity ?

A

4 chunks

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44
Q

what are the 2 sections of Tulvings long term memory ?

A

episodic memory
semantic memory

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45
Q

what is episodic memory ?

A

recall of events and episodes from our lives, autobiographical like a personal diary of experienced events

46
Q

give an example of episodic memory ?

A

telling someone a story from school

47
Q

what does 1 episode from our episodic memory contain ?

A

several elements, people, places, objects, behaviors

48
Q

what is automatic consciousness ?

A

it allows us to relieve past events as episodic memories

49
Q

where is our episodic memory located ?

A

hippocampus

50
Q

what is the disadvantages of episodic memory ?

A
  • subjective quality
  • based off personal experiences
  • can be prone to confusion
51
Q

what is semantic memory ?

A

knowledge of the world, including facts, likened to a continuation of an encyclopedia and dictionary

52
Q

what is semantic memory ?

A

knowledge of the world, including facts, likened to a continuation of an encyclopedia and dictionary

53
Q

what does our semantic memory store ?

A

organized knowledge of language and a large number of concepts

54
Q

what does our semantic memory store ?

A

organized knowledge of language and a large number of concepts

55
Q

give an example of semantic memory ?

A

being able to recall capital cities of countries around the world

56
Q

what do we need to use in our semantic memories ?

A

mathematics symbols
language
understand the relationship between language and symbols

57
Q

what are the advantages of semantic memories ?

A
  • it allows us to mentally represent things which aren’t present
  • less vulnerable to distortion
58
Q

where is our semantic memory located ?

A

frontal and temporal lobe

59
Q

how is time referencing important for episodic memory ?

A

memories are fine stamped
you remember when and where it happens

60
Q

is time referencing linked to semantic memory ?

A

memories are detached from any time referencing factual information can be recalled without reference to where it was learned

61
Q

is semanticn memory interrelated ?

A

it can operate independently of episodic memory, you don’t need to remember a classroom equation in order to understand equations

62
Q

is episodic memory interrelated ?

A

you need to be able to draw on previous knowledge of people objects and events that occur in order to understand them, so unlikely to operate alone

63
Q

is episodic memory interrelated ?

A

you need to be able to draw on previous knowledge of people objects and events that occur in order to understand them, so unlikely to operate alone

64
Q

ls retrieval dependent for semantic memory ?

A

no, it can be based on inferences generalization and rational logical thought

65
Q

ll

A
66
Q

it retrieval important for episodic memory ?

A

it is dependent on the context where it was learnt, or experienced and is reliant on cues synonymous with the context it was encoded in

67
Q

it retrieval important for episodic memory ?

A

it is dependent on the context where it was learnt, or experienced and is reliant on cues synonymous with the context it was encoded in

68
Q

is input needed for semantic memory ?

A

it can be fragmentary where connections are made once stored

69
Q

is input needed for episodic memory ?

A

it is continuous where you are constantly adding to the memory store in chronological order

70
Q

who created reconstructive memory ?

A

bartlett 1932

71
Q

what is a schema ?

A

mental units of knowledge that correspond to frequently encountered objects and people

72
Q

what do schemas help us to do ?

A

make sense of what we encounter

73
Q

give an example of a schema ?

A

for a robber - black beanie, mask

74
Q

why is memory unreliable ?

A

if only stores fragments of events

75
Q

how is memory and active process ?

A
  • as recall of an event is a reconstruction based off prior schemas to free up cognitive processing capacity so we can make sense of something that is inconsistent with a scene
76
Q

what is rationalization ?

A

altering something to make it make sense to you

77
Q

what is confabulation ?

A

making up certain parts of a story to fill in a memory to make it make sense

78
Q

what was Bartletts war of ghosts story experiment ?

A
  • Bartlett asked British participants to head a native American legend and repeat it after a short time and then repeatedly over a period of months
  • participants remembered the gist of the story but changed unfamiliar elements to make sense of the story using terms more familiar to their own culture = fitting their schemas
79
Q

what is serial reproduction ?

A
  • repeating information after a short period and then again after a few months, then a few years
80
Q

what is millers supporting evidence for the multi store memory model ?

A
  • he did the magical number 7 test
  • proposed we can hold around 7 items in our STM
  • items can be chunked rather than individually remembered to help us remember more
  • chunks increase capacity in STM
81
Q

what was Peter and Petersons supporting research ?

A
  • did an interference task to prevent rehearsal
  • asked participants to remember a single trigram which was read to them
  • intereference task - participants were given a number they had to count back from in 3s
82
Q

what were the results of peter and petersons supporting research ?

A
  • recall was likely after a short period but performance dropped after 15-18 secs
  • supports that STM has limited duration
83
Q

what were the results of peter and petersons supporting research ?

A
  • recall was likely after a short period but performance dropped after 15-18 secs
  • supports that STM has limited duration
84
Q

what experiment did Brady do to support the multi store memory model ?

A
  • show participants 2500 objects over 5 and a half hrs
  • they were shown pairs of objects and were asked to identify which one they had already seen
  • when original object was shown with a very different object identification was better
  • supports that LTM works better with semantically different things
85
Q

what is evidence against the multi store memory model ?

A
  • KF, who had stm issues but could remember pictures not words
  • stm isn’t separated into parts
86
Q

how is the multi store memory model applicable to real life ?

A

eyewitnesses at crimes scenes, dementia patients people in education

students can remember more by chunking information together when revising

87
Q

what are real life case studies which support the multi store memory model ?

A

HM and Clive Wearing - both could only hold info in their stm - both had anterograde amnesia

88
Q

how is the multi store memory model lacking validity ?

A

all experiments which support it lack ecological validity

89
Q

what are the are the of the working memory model ?

A

it is more detailed than the multi store model and shows a greater range of tasks - e.g auditory, verbal, spatial processing

90
Q

what is evidence that supports the working memory model ?

A

Kf - couldn’t remember words but could remember pictures - supports that verbal and visual information is separated as the phonological loop and visio spatial sketch pad

91
Q

what is a weakness of the working memory model ?

A

central executive is simplistic and vague despite it playing a crucial role in the model

92
Q

give a weakness of the experiments which support the working memory model ?

A

all experiments have low ecological validity - not generalizable to everyday life

93
Q

give a weakness of the experiments which support the working memory model ?

A

all experiments have low ecological validity - not generalizable to everyday life

94
Q

-how does Baddeley Thompson and Buchanan support the working memory model ?

A
  • found re of five words was higher with shorter words than long words
  • supports that phonological loops only holds 2 seconds worth of speech
95
Q

how do klauer and zhao support the working memory model ?

A

asked participants to do a visual or spatial task whilst doing a spatial interference task, visual interference task, or no interference task

  • participants who did both spatial tasks of visual tasks found it difficult to complete
  • supports that each store can only process one thing at a time
96
Q

what is opposing evidence for the working memory model (Lieberman)

A
  • argues that the visual spatial sketch pad implies that all visual information is linked to vision
  • however blind people have spatial memory even though they’ve never had any visual information
  • argues VSSP should have 2 different components
97
Q

how is the working memory model applicable ?

A

teachers can avoid doing dual task overloads because each memory section can only process one thing at a time

98
Q

give a general weakness of the working memory model ?

A

it doesn’t include LTM

99
Q

give a case study that supports Tulvings ltm

A

HM- his episodic memory was impaired but his semantic memory was unaffected

100
Q

how do Dickerson and Eichanbaum give evidence for Tulvings ltm

A

reviewed existing research on episodic memory and provided neurological evidence to support its existence

101
Q

how do Dickerson and Eichanbaum give evidence for Tulvings ltm

A

reviewed existing research on episodic memory and provided neurological evidence to support its existence

102
Q

how is using case studies such as HM and KF a weakness to support Tulvings LTM

A
  • involves only 1 person
  • not as generalizable
  • KFs memory wasn’t measured before his accident, hard to compare
103
Q

how is using case studies such as HM and KF a weakness to support Tulvings LTM

A
  • involves only 1 person
  • not as generalizable
  • KFs memory wasn’t measured before his accident, hard to compare
104
Q

how is Tulvings LTM applicable (Belville et al) ?

A
  • worked with old people with memory impairments
  • participants undertook a training programme to improve episodic memory compared with a control group
  • patients did better after the training
  • shows there are ways to help dementia patients improve episodic memory and live a more normal life
105
Q

give a general weakness for Tulvings LTM

A

it ignores stm

106
Q

give a general weakness for Tulvings LTM

A

it ignores stm

107
Q

what is supporting evidence for reconstructive memory (Allport and Postman)

A
  • they did an experiment with a mix of black and white participants
  • showed them a picture of a well dressed black man and a white man holding a razor, participants passed on the story through serial reproduction
  • over time the black man became the aggressor - proving cultural schemas influence stories
108
Q

what is opposing evidence for reconstructive memory ( yuille and cutshall)

A

were real crime eyewitnesses
they were interviewed 4 months later kind with 7 central witnesses and 6 peripheral witnesses however both were equally accurate

109
Q

how is reconstructive memory applicable ?

A
  • it shows what eyewitnesses could see may be distorted by what people would expect
  • cultural schemas may influence their story
  • therefore eyewitnesses may not have 100% recall accuracy
110
Q

what are general weaknesses for reconstructive memory ?

A
  • schemas can lead to negative labeling (allport and postman )
  • it is a grounded theory, developed by qualitative subjective methods

a level psychology (9 decks)

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