Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

a level psychology > animal research > Flashcards

animal research Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

what is animal research ?

A

research involving non human participants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

give an example of animal research

A

pavlov’s dogs
skinners rats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is ethology

A

a research method where animals are observed in their natural environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what does ethology involve

A

manipulating an independent variable either in the animals environment or in the animal itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what theory is animal research based off

A

evolutionary theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the theory of evolution

A

proposed by charles dickens
states that humans are descended from animal ancestors and that humans are animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does the theory of evolution say about human characteristics

A

humans retain many characteristics from their ancestors which they share in common with other animals with the same ancestors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

give general advantages of animal research

A

things can be done with animals that would be impractical and unethical to do with humans

animals can be bred to see what effects show up in their descendants

they can be kept in a controlled environment and observed for long periods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

give general disadvantages of animal research

A

problems with generalizability

humans have evolved to be very different from most animals

drawing conclusions about human behavior from animal behavior may be invalid or reductionist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what does reductionist mean

A

misleading

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what do animals share and not share with us ?

A

share a genotype
don’t share a phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what did harry harlow experiment on

A

rhesus monkeys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what did harlow want to find out about rhesus monkeys

A

the nature of love and attachment between a child and mother

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how did harlow raise the monkeys

A

without a mother
left them with a cloth mother and wire mother

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what was the cloth mother

A

wrapped in terry cloth and soft to touch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what was the wire mother

A

metal figure which dispensed milk to feed monkeys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what was the results of haleiwa rhesus monkey cloth and wire mother experiment

A

monkeys had as much affection to the cloth mother as the wire mother

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

when harlow frightened the monkey with a scary machine which mother did the monkey flee to ?

A

cloth mother

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how can we apply harlows first monkey mother experiment

A

it tells us about the dangers of raising children in orphanages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what was harlows pit of despair

A

harlow placed infant monkeys in a pit of despair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

describe the pit of despair

A
  • isolation chamber where they were fed but cut off from all contact and stimulation for up to a year
  • monkeys developed depression
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what were the results of the pit of despair

A
  • 1 monkey isolated for 3 months and refused to eat after release - died 5 days later
  • effects of 6 months were devastating so it was assumed twelve months wouldn’t produce additional decrement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

when the traumatized monkeys lost their sex drive what did harlow create

A

rape rack

24
Q

what was the rape rack

A

female monkeys were restrained so they could be inseminated

25
Q

what did harlow found out about how the rape rack mothered treated their children

A

they rejected their children
bit of toes fingers and heads

26
Q

what did harlows research create ?

A

outcry and guidelines for animal research to be developed

27
Q

what was the animal liberation movement

A

founded by students appalled by harlows work

used forcefully tactics to free animals from labs

28
Q

what are the ethical guidelines for animal research (law)
animals scientific pro decided act 1986 ?

A
  • research needs license from home office
  • premises must be licensed for animal research
  • every individual involved must be licensed
  • laboratory animals must be procured from high quality suppliers
29
Q

what were the british guidelines for working with animals

A

legal requirements
replacement
choice of species
reduction
animal care
disposal
procedures
caging
deprivation
pain

30
Q

what were the legal requiremnt for animal research

A

research mustn’t break the law regarding endangered and protected species

31
Q

what does replacement mean in guidelines for animal research

A

where possible live animals should be replaced with research alternatives e.g videos

32
Q

choice of species

A

species bred in captivity are preferred than creatures taken from wild
research should be minimized if it includes highly sentintent animals

33
Q

reduction

A

number of animals used should be minimized as much as possible

e,g carefully design experiments and good use of statistics to get a maximum amount of data out of the smallest number of animals

34
Q

animal care

A

when not being studied animals must be housed fed watered in a suitable way and given space and companionship

35
Q

disposal

A

when research is over animals should be disposed of humanely; kept alive as pets

36
Q

procedures

A

animals must be treated humanely

37
Q

what do BPS give special consideration to with procedures

A
  • caging
  • deprivation
  • pain
38
Q

caging

A

distress should be minimized
social species need companions
animals unused to other animals may be distressed if caged with them

39
Q

deprivation

A

some food deprivation is allowable but distress should be minimized

40
Q

pain

A

anaesthetics should be used to minimize pain
animals should be given medical treatment after research
humane killing should be considered if suffering won’t stop

41
Q

what is a cost benefit model

A

research which breaks some guidelines may be allowable if benefits outweigh cost of animal suffering

42
Q

what are the 3 animal ethic Rs

A

replace
reduce
refine

43
Q

replace

A

use of animals with different techniques

44
Q

reduce

A

minimize number of animals used and try to extract max data out of animals used

45
Q

refine

A

the way experiments are carried out should reduce animal suffering as much as possible

46
Q

what did Patrick Bateson suggest

A

way of weighing up animal issues via a decision cube

47
Q

what are the 3 sides of the decision cube

A

degree of animal suffering
benefits of findings
quality of research

48
Q

when is the degree of animal suffering justifiable ( decision cube )

A

there is a clear benefit from the research and the research is of high standard (animals may even benefit

49
Q

what are the practical issues with animal research

A

cost
danger
space
supervision

50
Q

cost

A

buying lab equipment
animals from a home office approved supplier
cost of feeding
housing
temperature

51
Q

danger

A

animals can bite and scratch and carry diseases

52
Q

what can prevent danger

A

keep research area clean and free from stress to stop aggression

53
Q

space

A

give animals space suitable to their needs of their species - so they can maintain territory and feel secure

54
Q

supervision

A

animals need continuous care someone to :
visit them
feed them
water them
release them
interact with them

55
Q

what are the ethical strengths of animal research

A
  • theory of evolution- widely accepted - implies we can learn from animal behavior and draw conclusions about human behavior
  • practical advantages - animals are controlled more exactly and observed more continuously and have a lack of self awareness reduces demand characteristics
  • 1986 BPS guidelines ensure animals are protected and only the most beneficial high quality humane research takes place - research which satisfies bateson cube
  • anything which maximizes the benefit for the maximum number of creatures is ethically desirable - ethical if more humans and animals benefit from the research than harmed
56
Q

what are the ethical weaknesses of animal research

A
  • animal rights arguments claim animals have an absolute right not to be interfered with - shouldn’t be harmed (rejecting Bateson cube)
  • Peter Singer - it’s wrong to do things you shouldn’t do to humans - speciesism
  • argued that animals have different needs and perceptions from humans so we don’t know the extent of their suffering
  • we can’t generalize from animal experiments to humans as our thought processes are different
57
Q

what are applications to animal research ?

A

Pavlovs research - revealed process of classical conditioning

  • skinner - explored operant conditioning
  • can help with people suffering from phobias and addictions, people in prisons

a level psychology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions