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a level psychology > research methods > Flashcards

research methods Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the ethical principles

A

consent
confidentiality
right to withdraw
protection from harm
deception
debriefing

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2
Q

what are the 4 ethical guidelines

A

integrity
respect
responsibility
competence

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3
Q

what is consent

A
  • ensuring that the participants give their permission to participate and are aware as to what they are consenting to

(respect)

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4
Q

what is deception ?

A
  • making sure the participants aren’t being lied to, the truth isn’t withheld
  • if some details can’t be shared during the study the participants get a full debrief afterwards

(integrity)

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5
Q

what is the right to withdraw ?

A
  • participants have the right to stop taking part in the study at any time
  • participants should feel comfortable withdrawing and shouldn’t feel pressured to stay
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6
Q

what is debriefing ?

A
  • outlining the purpose of the research, is used to reassure participants
  • if participants want them, contact details of the research team should be given
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7
Q

what is protection from harm ?

A
  • participants should not be exposed to any danger/harm during the study
  • for some studies approval may be needed by an ethics team
  • assistance should be in on hand if support is needed
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8
Q

what is confidentiality ?

A
  • keeping personal information, such as names private
  • not sharing any personal data
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9
Q

what is integrity ?

A
  • psychologists must demonstrate honesty, equal treatment and openness towards participants
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10
Q

why is responsibility important ?

A
  • studies must be carried out professionally and safely
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11
Q

what is respect ?

A
  • respecting the rights to privacy and how the participants are
    feeling
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12
Q

what is competence ?

A
  • having the correct knowledge and skills to be able to carry out a study
  • making sure participants are suitable for a study
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13
Q

what are situational variables ?

A

when participants are affected by the environment they are in

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14
Q

what are participant variables ?

A

the results of the study are affected by participants individual characteristics

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15
Q

what are order effects ?

A

results of a study are improved by the repetition of a task rather than the independent variable

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16
Q

what are experimenter effects ?

A

participants complete an activity differently as they know someone is watching them

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17
Q

what is counterbalancing ?

A

a technique used to control order effects, which involves mixing up the order in which tasks are performed

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18
Q

what are independent measures ?

A

where totally different participants are used across the separate conditions of the experiment

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19
Q

what are repeated measures ?

A

where the same participants take part in all different conditions of the experiment

20
Q

what are matched pairs ?

A

where participants who are different but have similar characteristics take part in separate conditions

21
Q

what is the target population ?

A

the type of people experimenters want to participate and find out about

22
Q

what is internal validity ?

A

if the experiment is well controlled and avoids extraneous variables

23
Q

what is ecological validity ?

A

if the research takes place in a real world environment

24
Q

what is predictive validity ?

A

if the study result can accurately predict how someone behaves

25
Q

what are demand characteristics ?

A

when participants realise the aim of the experiment and start to behave differently

26
Q

what is a null hypothesis ?

A

says that the independent variable won’t have any effect on the dependent variable

27
Q

what is a 1 tailed hypothesis ?

A

it predicts exactly how the independent variable will affect the dependent variable

28
Q

what is a 2 tailed hypothesis ?

A

predicts that the IV will affect the DV but not what that effect will be

29
Q

what is objectivity ?

A

when the results are purely factual

30
Q

what is reliability ?

A

getting the same findings after repeating the test again and again

31
Q

what is a lab experiment ?

A

an experiment which takes place in a carefully controlled environment

contain an IV that is manipulated and a DV that is measured

Has a standardized process

32
Q

what is a field experiment ?

A

an experiment which takes place in a natural environment

33
Q

what is a control group ?

A

a group which acts as a baseline/comparison

34
Q

what is randomisation ?

A

randomly assigning participants to a particular group

35
Q

what is an experimental hypothesis ?

A

says the IV will have some kind of effect on the DV

36
Q

what is an independent variable ?

A

variables which are changed or manipulated by the researcher

37
Q

what is a dependent variable ?

A

the variable the researcher is measuring; the results

38
Q

what is an extraneous variable ?

A

variables which affect the dependent variable/results of the study

variables which could ruin the validity of research

39
Q

what does operationalising variables mean?

A

making variables measurable/testable

40
Q

what is a sample ?

A

a smaller group of people out of the target population who participate

41
Q

what is sampling technique ?

A

the way people are selected for the experiment

42
Q

what is opportunity sampling ?

A

participants who are the most convenient to select

43
Q

what is random sampling ?

A

where participants are randomly selected

44
Q

what is volunteer sampling ?

A

where participants choose to take part

45
Q

what is stratified sampling ?

A

participants are representative of the target population

46
Q
A

a level psychology (5 decks)

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