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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY > The Urinary System > Flashcards

The Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 main structures of the urinary system?

A

Kidneys
Ureter
Urethra
Bladder

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2
Q

What is the difference between dogs and horses kidney shapes

A 
Dogs = bean shaped
Horses = heart shaped
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3
Q

What is the shape of cattle kidneys?

A

Lobulated

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4
Q

Where are kidneys located?

A

In the retroperitoneal space

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5
Q

Which animal tends to have the most mobile kidneys

A

Cats

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6
Q

Which is the functional unit of the kidney

A

The nephron

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7
Q

Which structure surrounds the glomerulus?

A

the bowman’s capsule

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8
Q

What are the main divisions of the kidneys?

A

Cortex
Medulla
Renal pelvis

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9
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

A network of blood vessels surrounded by the bowman’s capsule

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10
Q

Where does ultrafiltration take place?

A

The glomerulus

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11
Q

How does ultrafiltration occur in the glomerulus?

A

Water, electrolytes and other substances are forced through the wall holes of the glomerulus by blood pressure

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12
Q

What molecule is too big to fit through the holes of the glomerulus walls?

A

Albumin

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13
Q

What does low albumin levels indicate?

A

There are issues with the liver or kidneys

  • Malnutrition
  • liver disease/ cirrhosis
  • inflammatory disease
  • heart failure
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14
Q

What would high albumin levels indicate?

A 
Dehydration
Acute infections
burns
Stress
Too much protein
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15
Q

What is ultrafiltration?

A

process of substances going through the glomerulus – results in urine production

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16
Q

Which kidney structure reabsorbed most sodium and water?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

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17
Q

which part of the nephron are drugs actively excreted?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

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18
Q

how does sodium help water reabsorb?

A

It provides osmotic potential in the proximal convoluted tubule

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19
Q

What is the nephron?

A

The structural and functional unit of the kidney

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20
Q

Briefly describe the journey of filtrate through the nephron

A

Filtrate is pushed through nephron by hydrostatic pressure from the glomerulus

Travels down proximal convoluted tubule (sodium and water reabsorbed)

Continues to loop of henle (further concentration)

Travels down distal convoluted tubule

Ends up as urine in the collecting duct

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21
Q

What flows through the nephron

A

filtrate

22
Q

What is the function of the nephron?

A

to concentrate filtrate into urine to excrete waste products and absorb nutrients into the blood

23
Q

What is the driving force that pushes filtrate out of capillaries and through the nephron?

A

Blood pressure - hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus

24
Q

Which hormone increases water reabsorption in the nephron?

A

ADH (Anti-diuretic hormone)

25
Q

Where does urine travel to from the collecting duct of the kidney?

A

The Renal pelvis

26
Q

Where does urine travel to from the renal pelvis of the kidneys?

A

The ureter

27
Q

How many ureters are in each kidney

A

1

28
Q

What type of contraction moves urine through the ureter?

A

Peristalsis

29
Q

what is peristalsis?

A

series of wave-like muscle contractions that substances

30
Q

Which type of muscles are in the ureter?

A

Smooth muscles

31
Q

What is the function of the ureters?

A

to transport urine from the kidney to the bladder

32
Q

How does urine enter the bladder?

A

Via the trigone (from the ureters)

33
Q

Which area of the bladder expands to signal that it needs emptying?

A

The trigone

34
Q

What 2 features does the bladder wall have?

A

It is muscular

Innervated

35
Q

What 3 types of nerves are in the bladder wall?

A

Pudendal nerve
Hypogastric nerve
Pelvic nerve

36
Q

What muscular structure is found at the bladder neck?

A

Muscular sphincter

37
Q

In males, what structure connects the bladder neck to the tip of the penis?

A

Ductus deferens

38
Q

What are 2 signs of urinary stones?

A

Blood in urine (hematuria)

Straining to urinate (dysuria)

39
Q

Which animal can urinary stones be life threatening in?

A

dogs

40
Q

Name 1 difference between dogs and desert animals’ nephrons

A

Desert animals have a longer loop of henle

41
Q

Why do desert animals have a longer loop of henle?

A

To concentrate urine well and retain water for hydration

42
Q

Name 2 differences in bird urinary systems (compared to mammalia)

A

50% of bird species have no nephron

Birds don’t have a urinary bladder

Their main waste is uric acic rather than urea

43
Q

Which clade of animals do NOT have a loop of henle?

A

Reptiles

44
Q

In birds with no nephron, how is filtrate emptied?

A

Filtrate collects in ureter and empties into the urodeum in the cloaca

45
Q

Name 3 desert mammals

A 
Gerbils
Kangaroo rats
Hares
Pack rats 
Camels
Cougar
Kit fox
46
Q

What is a key difference between reptile kidneys and mammalian?

A

Some reptiles have a sexual segment of the kidneys that produces spermatic fluid

47
Q

What type of waste do birds and reptiles produce?

A

Uric acid (instead of urea)

48
Q

Which animals have a renal portal system

A

Birds
Reptiles
Amphibians

49
Q

Which animals do NOT have a renal portal system

A

Mammals

50
Q

Do ALL reptiles have a urinary bladder?

A

No - only some chelonians and lizards have urinary bladders

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (23 decks)

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