The Urinary System

Question 1

What are the 4 main structures of the urinary system?

Answer 1

Kidneys
Ureter
Urethra
Bladder

Question 2

What is the difference between dogs and horses kidney shapes

Answer 2

Dogs = bean shaped
Horses = heart shaped

Question 3

What is the shape of cattle kidneys?

Answer 3

Lobulated

Question 4

Where are kidneys located?

Answer 4

In the retroperitoneal space

Question 5

Which animal tends to have the most mobile kidneys

Answer 5

Cats

Question 6

Which is the functional unit of the kidney

Answer 6

The nephron

Question 7

Which structure surrounds the glomerulus?

Answer 7

the bowman’s capsule

Question 8

What are the main divisions of the kidneys?

Answer 8

Cortex
Medulla
Renal pelvis

Question 9

What is the glomerulus?

Answer 9

A network of blood vessels surrounded by the bowman’s capsule

Question 10

Where does ultrafiltration take place?

Answer 10

The glomerulus

Question 11

How does ultrafiltration occur in the glomerulus?

Answer 11

Water, electrolytes and other substances are forced through the wall holes of the glomerulus by blood pressure

Question 12

What molecule is too big to fit through the holes of the glomerulus walls?

Answer 12

Albumin

Question 13

What does low albumin levels indicate?

Answer 13

There are issues with the liver or kidneys

• Malnutrition
• liver disease/ cirrhosis
• inflammatory disease
• heart failure

Question 14

What would high albumin levels indicate?

Answer 14

Dehydration
Acute infections
burns
Stress
Too much protein

Question 15

What is ultrafiltration?

Answer 15

process of substances going through the glomerulus – results in urine production

Question 16

Which kidney structure reabsorbed most sodium and water?

Answer 16

Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 17

which part of the nephron are drugs actively excreted?

Answer 17

Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 18

how does sodium help water reabsorb?

Answer 18

It provides osmotic potential in the proximal convoluted tubule

Question 19

What is the nephron?

Answer 19

The structural and functional unit of the kidney

Question 20

Briefly describe the journey of filtrate through the nephron

Answer 20

Filtrate is pushed through nephron by hydrostatic pressure from the glomerulus

Travels down proximal convoluted tubule (sodium and water reabsorbed)

Continues to loop of henle (further concentration)

Travels down distal convoluted tubule

Ends up as urine in the collecting duct

Question 21

What flows through the nephron

Answer 21

filtrate

Question 22

What is the function of the nephron?

Answer 22

to concentrate filtrate into urine to excrete waste products and absorb nutrients into the blood

Question 23

What is the driving force that pushes filtrate out of capillaries and through the nephron?

Answer 23

Blood pressure - hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus

Question 24

Which hormone increases water reabsorption in the nephron?

Answer 24

ADH (Anti-diuretic hormone)

Question 25

Where does urine travel to from the collecting duct of the kidney?

Answer 25

The Renal pelvis

Question 26

Where does urine travel to from the renal pelvis of the kidneys?

Answer 26

The ureter

Question 27

How many ureters are in each kidney

Answer 27

1

Question 28

What type of contraction moves urine through the ureter?

Answer 28

Peristalsis

Question 29

what is peristalsis?

Answer 29

series of wave-like muscle contractions that substances

Question 30

Which type of muscles are in the ureter?

Answer 30

Smooth muscles

Question 31

What is the function of the ureters?

Answer 31

to transport urine from the kidney to the bladder

Question 32

How does urine enter the bladder?

Answer 32

Via the trigone (from the ureters)

Question 33

Which area of the bladder expands to signal that it needs emptying?

Answer 33

The trigone

Question 34

What 2 features does the bladder wall have?

Answer 34

It is muscular | Innervated

Question 35

What 3 types of nerves are in the bladder wall?

Answer 35

Pudendal nerve Hypogastric nerve Pelvic nerve

Question 36

What muscular structure is found at the bladder neck?

Answer 36

Muscular sphincter

Question 37

In males, what structure connects the bladder neck to the tip of the penis?

Answer 37

Ductus deferens

Question 38

What are 2 signs of urinary stones?

Answer 38

Blood in urine (hematuria) | Straining to urinate (dysuria)

Question 39

Which animal can urinary stones be life threatening in?

Answer 39

dogs

Question 40

Name 1 difference between dogs and desert animals' nephrons

Answer 40

Desert animals have a longer loop of henle

Question 41

Why do desert animals have a longer loop of henle?

Answer 41

To concentrate urine well and retain water for hydration

Question 42

Name 2 differences in bird urinary systems (compared to mammalia)

Answer 42

50% of bird species have no nephron Birds don't have a urinary bladder Their main waste is uric acic rather than urea

Question 43

Which clade of animals do NOT have a loop of henle?

Answer 43

Reptiles

Question 44

In birds with no nephron, how is filtrate emptied?

Answer 44

Filtrate collects in ureter and empties into the urodeum in the cloaca

Question 45

Name 3 desert mammals

Answer 45

``` Gerbils Kangaroo rats Hares Pack rats Camels Cougar Kit fox ```

Question 46

What is a key difference between reptile kidneys and mammalian?

Answer 46

Some reptiles have a sexual segment of the kidneys that produces spermatic fluid

Question 47

What type of waste do birds and reptiles produce?

Answer 47

Uric acid (instead of urea)

Question 48

Which animals have a renal portal system

Answer 48

Birds Reptiles Amphibians

Question 49

Which animals do NOT have a renal portal system

Answer 49

Mammals

Question 50

Do ALL reptiles have a urinary bladder?

Answer 50

No - only some chelonians and lizards have urinary bladders