Haematopoiesis

Question 1

Why can erythrocytes not repair themselves?

Answer 1

They don’t have DNA or RNA (no nucleus)

Question 2

Where does the production of red blood cells happen?

Answer 2

In bone marrow

Question 3

What is the average life span of erythrocytes?

Answer 3

90-140 days

Question 4

What 4 main structures are predominantly for red blood cell production?

Answer 4

Ribs
Vertebrae
Sternum
Pelvic bone

Question 5

What cells do erythrocytes derive from?

Answer 5

Stem cells

Question 6

Name 4 nutritional diet factors important for erythrocyte production?

Answer 6

Any from:
Iron
protein
copper
vit B2
vit B6
vit B12
Folic acid - helps with iron

Question 7

What are cytokines?

Answer 7

Tiny signalling proteins that are released by cells to regulate differentiation in stem cells (tell the bone marrow what cells are needed in the body)

Question 8

What are the only 2 types of white blood cells formed in the bone marrow?

Answer 8

Granulocytes

Monocytes

Question 9

What is a platelet also known as?

Answer 9

Thrombocytes

Question 10

Why do platelets not undergo mitosis?

Answer 10

Have no nucleus

Question 11

How big are thrombocytes?

Answer 11

about 1/10th of a erythrocyte

Question 12

What happens to the stem cells as they differentiate into erythrocytes?

Answer 12

they fill with haemoglobin

Nucleus becomes smaller

Question 13

What is a leukocyte

Answer 13

A white blood cell

Question 14

What is a erythrocyte

Answer 14

A red blood cell

Question 15

What is a lymphocyte?

Answer 15

A type of white blood cell involved in the immune system (two types = B cells and T cells)

Question 16

Define Haematopoiesis

Answer 16

the formation of blood cellular components

Question 17

When do lymphocytes leave the bone marrow in development?

Answer 17

at the end of fetal development

Question 18

What are thrombocytes also known as?

Answer 18

Platelets

Question 19

Why can platelets/ thrombocytes not undergo mitosis?

Answer 19

They do not have a nucleus

Question 20

What are thrombocytes made from?

Answer 20

Megakaryocytes

Question 21

How are thrombocytes made?

Answer 21

pieces of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow break off

Question 22

What do thrombocytes do?

Answer 22

They form blood clots to slow or stop bleeding and help wounds heal

Question 23

What are monocytes?

Answer 23

A type of white blood cell that can differentiate into macrophages and dendric cells

Question 24

At what stage of erythropoiesis does ribosome synthesis happen?

Answer 24

At early erythroblast stage

Question 25

At what stage of erythropoiesis does haemoglobin accumulate?

Answer 25

At late erythroblast stage

Question 26

What are the 7 transformations of erythropoiesis?

Answer 26

``` Stem cell Proerythroblast Early erythroblast Late erythroblast Normoblast Reticulocyte ```

Question 27

At what stage of erythropoiesis do cells lose the nucleus?

Answer 27

Reticulocyte stage

Question 28

Where are macrophages found?

Answer 28

Spleen, liver, bone marrow

Question 29

What do macrophages do?

Answer 29

Engulf old erythrocytes and break them down

Question 30

What is haemoglobin broken down into?

Answer 30

Globin | Heme

Question 31

What is heme further broken down into?

Answer 31

Bilirubin & Iron

Question 32

What is globin further broken down into?

Answer 32

amino acids

Question 33

Where does erythrocyte removal/ breakdown occur?

Answer 33

Spleen, liver, bone marrow

Question 34

What are macrophages?

Answer 34

specialised cells involved in detection, phagocytosis and destruction of bacteria/ other harmful organisms

Question 35

What is phagocytosis?

Answer 35

process by which certain living cells called phagocytes ingest or engulf other cells or particles

Question 36

Which signalling protein regulates haematopoiesis?

Answer 36

Cytokines

Question 37

What happens to the amino acids from globin after erythrocyte breakdown?

Answer 37

they re-enter circulation to be used in erythropoiesis again in bone marrow

Question 38

which hormone is responsible for erythropoiesis?

Answer 38

erythropoietin (EPO)

Question 39

Which mineral is essential for haemoglobin production?

Answer 39

Iron

Question 40

What does a high level of transferrin indicate?

Answer 40

Low iron - iron deficiency anemia

Question 41

Where does iron obtain a transporter from?

Answer 41

the liver

Question 42

What transporter carries iron back to bone marrow after breakdown of erythrocytes?

Answer 42

transferrin

Question 43

How does bilirubin travel to the liver for excretion?

Answer 43

via albumin (a transporter)

Question 44

What does albumin do?

Answer 44

carries bilirubin to the liver

Question 45

When would you find particularly high levels of erythropoietin?

Answer 45

during hypoxia

Question 46

What would an increased number of reticulocytes indicate ?

Answer 46

blood loss or certain diseases where red blood cells are destroyed prematurely – i.e: haemolytic anemia

Question 47

what is haemolytic anemia

Answer 47

A condition where red blood cells are destroyed faster than they can be mad

Question 48

what may indicate haemolytic anemia

Answer 48

an increased number of reticulocytes

Question 49

what reason may reticulocyte numbers increase that is not a condition?

Answer 49

being at high altitudes

Question 50

which organ produces erythropoietin

Answer 50

kidneys

Question 51

What is anaemia?

Answer 51

Reduction in red blood cells

Question 52

what are 3 things that can cause anaemia?

Answer 52

``` Bleeding Bone marrow failure Erythropoietin deficiency Chronic kidney disease Cancer Medications ```

Question 53

which type of leukocyte can differentiate into macrophages

Answer 53

Monocytes

Question 54

which type of leukocyte has small granules containing protein

Answer 54

Granulocytes