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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY > Haematopoiesis > Flashcards

Haematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

Why can erythrocytes not repair themselves?

A

They don’t have DNA or RNA (no nucleus)

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2
Q

Where does the production of red blood cells happen?

A

In bone marrow

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3
Q

What is the average life span of erythrocytes?

A

90-140 days

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4
Q

What 4 main structures are predominantly for red blood cell production?

A

Ribs
Vertebrae
Sternum
Pelvic bone

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5
Q

What cells do erythrocytes derive from?

A

Stem cells

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6
Q

Name 4 nutritional diet factors important for erythrocyte production?

A 
Any from:
Iron
protein
copper
vit B2
vit B6
vit B12
Folic acid - helps with iron
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7
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Tiny signalling proteins that are released by cells to regulate differentiation in stem cells (tell the bone marrow what cells are needed in the body)

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8
Q

What are the only 2 types of white blood cells formed in the bone marrow?

A

Granulocytes

Monocytes

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9
Q

What is a platelet also known as?

A

Thrombocytes

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10
Q

Why do platelets not undergo mitosis?

A

Have no nucleus

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11
Q

How big are thrombocytes?

A

about 1/10th of a erythrocyte

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12
Q

What happens to the stem cells as they differentiate into erythrocytes?

A

they fill with haemoglobin

Nucleus becomes smaller

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13
Q

What is a leukocyte

A

A white blood cell

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14
Q

What is a erythrocyte

A

A red blood cell

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15
Q

What is a lymphocyte?

A

A type of white blood cell involved in the immune system (two types = B cells and T cells)

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16
Q

Define Haematopoiesis

A

the formation of blood cellular components

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17
Q

When do lymphocytes leave the bone marrow in development?

A

at the end of fetal development

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18
Q

What are thrombocytes also known as?

A

Platelets

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19
Q

Why can platelets/ thrombocytes not undergo mitosis?

A

They do not have a nucleus

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20
Q

What are thrombocytes made from?

A

Megakaryocytes

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21
Q

How are thrombocytes made?

A

pieces of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow break off

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22
Q

What do thrombocytes do?

A

They form blood clots to slow or stop bleeding and help wounds heal

23
Q

What are monocytes?

A

A type of white blood cell that can differentiate into macrophages and dendric cells

24
Q

At what stage of erythropoiesis does ribosome synthesis happen?

A

At early erythroblast stage

25
Q

At what stage of erythropoiesis does haemoglobin accumulate?

A

At late erythroblast stage

26
Q

What are the 7 transformations of erythropoiesis?

A 
Stem cell
Proerythroblast
Early erythroblast
Late erythroblast
Normoblast
Reticulocyte
27
Q

At what stage of erythropoiesis do cells lose the nucleus?

A

Reticulocyte stage

28
Q

Where are macrophages found?

A

Spleen, liver, bone marrow

29
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

Engulf old erythrocytes and break them down

30
Q

What is haemoglobin broken down into?

A

Globin

Heme

31
Q

What is heme further broken down into?

A

Bilirubin & Iron

32
Q

What is globin further broken down into?

A

amino acids

33
Q

Where does erythrocyte removal/ breakdown occur?

A

Spleen, liver, bone marrow

34
Q

What are macrophages?

A

specialised cells involved in detection, phagocytosis and destruction of bacteria/ other harmful organisms

35
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

process by which certain living cells called phagocytes ingest or engulf other cells or particles

36
Q

Which signalling protein regulates haematopoiesis?

A

Cytokines

37
Q

What happens to the amino acids from globin after erythrocyte breakdown?

A

they re-enter circulation to be used in erythropoiesis again in bone marrow

38
Q

which hormone is responsible for erythropoiesis?

A

erythropoietin (EPO)

39
Q

Which mineral is essential for haemoglobin production?

A

Iron

40
Q

What does a high level of transferrin indicate?

A

Low iron - iron deficiency anemia

41
Q

Where does iron obtain a transporter from?

A

the liver

42
Q

What transporter carries iron back to bone marrow after breakdown of erythrocytes?

A

transferrin

43
Q

How does bilirubin travel to the liver for excretion?

A

via albumin (a transporter)

44
Q

What does albumin do?

A

carries bilirubin to the liver

45
Q

When would you find particularly high levels of erythropoietin?

A

during hypoxia

46
Q

What would an increased number of reticulocytes indicate ?

A

blood loss or certain diseases where red blood cells are destroyed prematurely – i.e: haemolytic anemia

47
Q

what is haemolytic anemia

A

A condition where red blood cells are destroyed faster than they can be mad

48
Q

what may indicate haemolytic anemia

A

an increased number of reticulocytes

49
Q

what reason may reticulocyte numbers increase that is not a condition?

A

being at high altitudes

50
Q

which organ produces erythropoietin

A

kidneys

51
Q

What is anaemia?

A

Reduction in red blood cells

52
Q

what are 3 things that can cause anaemia?

A 
Bleeding
Bone marrow failure
Erythropoietin deficiency 
Chronic kidney disease
Cancer
Medications
53
Q

which type of leukocyte can differentiate into macrophages

A

Monocytes

54
Q

which type of leukocyte has small granules containing protein

A

Granulocytes

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (23 decks)

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