Haematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

Why can erythrocytes not repair themselves?

A

They don’t have DNA or RNA (no nucleus)

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2
Q

Where does the production of red blood cells happen?

A

In bone marrow

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3
Q

What is the average life span of erythrocytes?

A

90-140 days

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4
Q

What 4 main structures are predominantly for red blood cell production?

A

Ribs
Vertebrae
Sternum
Pelvic bone

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5
Q

What cells do erythrocytes derive from?

A

Stem cells

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6
Q

Name 4 nutritional diet factors important for erythrocyte production?

A
Any from:
Iron
protein
copper
vit B2
vit B6
vit B12
Folic acid - helps with iron
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7
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Tiny signalling proteins that are released by cells to regulate differentiation in stem cells (tell the bone marrow what cells are needed in the body)

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8
Q

What are the only 2 types of white blood cells formed in the bone marrow?

A

Granulocytes

Monocytes

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9
Q

What is a platelet also known as?

A

Thrombocytes

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10
Q

Why do platelets not undergo mitosis?

A

Have no nucleus

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11
Q

How big are thrombocytes?

A

about 1/10th of a erythrocyte

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12
Q

What happens to the stem cells as they differentiate into erythrocytes?

A

they fill with haemoglobin

Nucleus becomes smaller

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13
Q

What is a leukocyte

A

A white blood cell

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14
Q

What is a erythrocyte

A

A red blood cell

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15
Q

What is a lymphocyte?

A

A type of white blood cell involved in the immune system (two types = B cells and T cells)

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16
Q

Define Haematopoiesis

A

the formation of blood cellular components

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17
Q

When do lymphocytes leave the bone marrow in development?

A

at the end of fetal development

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18
Q

What are thrombocytes also known as?

A

Platelets

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19
Q

Why can platelets/ thrombocytes not undergo mitosis?

A

They do not have a nucleus

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20
Q

What are thrombocytes made from?

A

Megakaryocytes

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21
Q

How are thrombocytes made?

A

pieces of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow break off

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22
Q

What do thrombocytes do?

A

They form blood clots to slow or stop bleeding and help wounds heal

23
Q

What are monocytes?

A

A type of white blood cell that can differentiate into macrophages and dendric cells

24
Q

At what stage of erythropoiesis does ribosome synthesis happen?

A

At early erythroblast stage

25
At what stage of erythropoiesis does haemoglobin accumulate?
At late erythroblast stage
26
What are the 7 transformations of erythropoiesis?
``` Stem cell Proerythroblast Early erythroblast Late erythroblast Normoblast Reticulocyte ```
27
At what stage of erythropoiesis do cells lose the nucleus?
Reticulocyte stage
28
Where are macrophages found?
Spleen, liver, bone marrow
29
What do macrophages do?
Engulf old erythrocytes and break them down
30
What is haemoglobin broken down into?
Globin | Heme
31
What is heme further broken down into?
Bilirubin & Iron
32
What is globin further broken down into?
amino acids
33
Where does erythrocyte removal/ breakdown occur?
Spleen, liver, bone marrow
34
What are macrophages?
specialised cells involved in detection, phagocytosis and destruction of bacteria/ other harmful organisms
35
What is phagocytosis?
process by which certain living cells called phagocytes ingest or engulf other cells or particles
36
Which signalling protein regulates haematopoiesis?
Cytokines
37
What happens to the amino acids from globin after erythrocyte breakdown?
they re-enter circulation to be used in erythropoiesis again in bone marrow
38
which hormone is responsible for erythropoiesis?
erythropoietin (EPO)
39
Which mineral is essential for haemoglobin production?
Iron
40
What does a high level of transferrin indicate?
Low iron - iron deficiency anemia
41
Where does iron obtain a transporter from?
the liver
42
What transporter carries iron back to bone marrow after breakdown of erythrocytes?
transferrin
43
How does bilirubin travel to the liver for excretion?
via albumin (a transporter)
44
What does albumin do?
carries bilirubin to the liver
45
When would you find particularly high levels of erythropoietin?
during hypoxia
46
What would an increased number of reticulocytes indicate ?
blood loss or certain diseases where red blood cells are destroyed prematurely – i.e: haemolytic anemia
47
what is haemolytic anemia
A condition where red blood cells are destroyed faster than they can be mad
48
what may indicate haemolytic anemia
an increased number of reticulocytes
49
what reason may reticulocyte numbers increase that is not a condition?
being at high altitudes
50
which organ produces erythropoietin
kidneys
51
What is anaemia?
Reduction in red blood cells
52
what are 3 things that can cause anaemia?
``` Bleeding Bone marrow failure Erythropoietin deficiency Chronic kidney disease Cancer Medications ```
53
which type of leukocyte can differentiate into macrophages
Monocytes
54
which type of leukocyte has small granules containing protein
Granulocytes