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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY > Avian Skeletal system > Flashcards

Avian Skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

What is special about avian bones?

A

They are light but strong (for flying)

The medullary cavity is filled with air rather than marrow

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2
Q

Which part of the avian bone is filled with air?

A

The medullary cavity

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3
Q

Describe the avian skull (2)

A

Lightweight box

Contains two huge orbits (eye sockets)

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4
Q

What are orbits?

A

Eye sockets in the skull

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5
Q

What forms the upper skull?

A

The premaxilla and nasal bones

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6
Q

What do larger parrots have between the beak and the skull?

A

synovial joint

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7
Q

What comprises the lower jaw?

A

Two fused mandibles

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8
Q

What are 2 differences between the jaw of a mammal and the jaw of a bird?

A

Birds have two fused mandibles, mammals do not

Birds can move the upper jaw relative to the rest of the skull, mammals cannot

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9
Q

In what way can a beak move?

A

Mainly scissor motion but can move in other subtle way

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10
Q

What is the extension of the sternum and what is it for?

A

The keel / carina

Provides anchor to which a bird’s wing muscles can attach

Also provides adequate leverage for flight

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11
Q

Do all birds have a keel?

A

No

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12
Q

What is a keel/ carina?

A

An extension of the sternum for the wing muscles to attach to and provide leverage for flight

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13
Q

Where do the flight muscles originate from?

A

The sternum

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14
Q

What is different about avian cervical vertebrae to mammals?

A

The avian cervical vertebrae are highly mobile

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15
Q

Describe the avian vertebrae of the trunk

A

inflexible and mostly fused

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16
Q

What are the vertebrae of the trunk?

A

Thoracic vertebrae

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17
Q

Which structure is found over the lungs

A

the notarium

18
Q

What is the synsacrum?

A

a fusion of the thoracic, lumbar and sacral vertebrae

19
Q

What do the thoracic, lumbar and sacral vertebrae fuse to form?

A

The synsacrum

20
Q

Which bones form the pygostyle

A

A fusion of the coccygeal vertebrae

21
Q

Which 4 bones make up the wings?

A

Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Manus

22
Q

What do the humerus, radius, ulna and manus form?

A

The wings

23
Q

Which muscles are responsible for the wing strokes?

A

Pectoral muscles

24
Q

Which muscle forms 15-20% of the bird’s total bodyweight?

A

Pectoral muscles

25
Q

Which muscles help lift the wings?

A

Supracoracoideus muscle

26
Q

What is the function of the Supracoracoideus muscle?

A

To lift the wing up

27
Q

What is the function of the pectoralis

A

To lower the wing down

28
Q

Which bones fuse to form a ‘3-fingered hand’

A

Bones of manus

29
Q

What do the bones of manus form?

A

A three fingered hand at the end of the wing

30
Q

Which bones comprise the thoracic girdle?

A

Clavicles
Coracoids
Scapulae

31
Q

What do the clavicles generally fuse to form?

A

furcula

32
Q

what is the furcula

A

A fusion of the clavicles

33
Q

What is the function of the coracoids

A

Act as struts to hold the shoulders at a constant distance from the sternum

34
Q

Which bones hold the shoulders at a constant distance from the sternum?

A

The coracoids

35
Q

What is the function of the furcula

A

Acts as a spring and stores energy when compressed during the down-beat flight movement

36
Q

Which bone structure acts as a spring during flight

A

Furcula

37
Q

Which bones comprise the legs?

A 
Femur
Tibiotarsus
Fibula
Tarsometatarsus
Phalanges (digit bones)
38
Q

What does it mean if bones become pneumotised

A

The cavities become air filled rather than marrow filled

39
Q

What is the word for when bones become air filled rather than marrow filled

A

pneumotised

40
Q

Which bones do the air sacs invade and occupy? (4)

A

The medullary cavities of many vertebrae
Pelvis
Sternum
Humerus

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (23 decks)

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