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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY > Gastrointestinal System (Avian) > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal System (Avian) Flashcards

1
Q

Which structure do birds lack?

A

Diaphragm

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2
Q

What is the difference between a protein based and fibre based diets’ intestine

A

Protein based = short intestine

Fibre based = long intestine

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3
Q

Describe 3 features of a pigeon’s digestive system

A

Crop has extensive mucous glands
Well developed gizzard
Long intestines
Distinct caecum for microbial digestion

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4
Q

what is the function of the caecum

A

Microbial digestion (of fibre, nutrients etc)

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5
Q

Name 3 features of a fruit eaters digestive system

A 
Less differentiated stomachs
Shorter intestines
More rudimentary (basic/ less developed) caeca
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6
Q

Name 3 features of a raptors digestive system

A 
Well developed proventriculus
Rudimentary gizzard
Short intestine
Well developed pancreas
Rudimentary caecum
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7
Q

What is the function of the proventriculus

A

Part of the stomach that secretes digestive enzymes and is used for storage

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8
Q

What is the function of the gizzard

A

Muscular part of the gizzard that uses grit to grind grains and fibre into smaller particles

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9
Q

Why do raptors have a rudimentary gizzard

A

Because the gizzard’s function is to grind down grains and fibre but a raptor mainly eats protein and therefore doesn’t require it as significantly

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10
Q

Describe the structure of the avian GI tract (7)

A 
Crop
Oesophagus 
Proventriculus 
Ventriculus (Gizzard)
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
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11
Q

What is the crop and it’s function

A

It is an expanded, muscular pouch near the gullet/ throat

It is used to temporarily store food

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12
Q

What is special about avian tongues

A

They are thick to help pick up food and manipulate it

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13
Q

Name 3 features of avian oral cavities

A

Thick tongue
Bristles to collect pollen and nectar (sometimes)
Numerous salivary glands

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14
Q

What is the difference between fish eaters and seed eaters salivary glands

A

Fish eaters = less developed salivary glands + less of them

Seed eaters = more salivary glands, more developed

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15
Q

Why are salivary glands more developed in seed eaters than fish eaters?

A

Because saliva has amylase to break down starch whereas fish eaters don’t eat as much starch

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16
Q

what is a key difference in the location of the oesophagus in birds and mammals

A

In birds the oesophagus lies to the right of the neck

In mammals it lies to the left

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17
Q

which bird species does not have a crop

A

owls

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18
Q

what action moves food down the oesophagus

A

peristaltic waves

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19
Q

where is the crop found

A

in the oesophagus/ to the end

20
Q

is the crop dilatable?

A

yes

21
Q

Which bird species can produce crop milk?

A

Pigeons

22
Q

What are the two sections of the avian stomach?

A

Gizzard and proventriculus

23
Q

What is the gizzard also known as

A

ventriculus

24
Q

What is the muscular/ glandular structure of the proventriculus

A

Cranial area = glandular

caudal area = muscular

25
Q

How is a parrot’s gizzard particularly adapted?

A

very muscular
Contains grit
Internal surface os covered with a cuticle

26
Q

What are pellets

A

The regurgitation of prey material residue

27
Q

What is the difference between raptor and owl pellets

A

Raptors contain almost no bony material

Owls contain a lot

28
Q

Where are pellets formed

A

in the gizzard

29
Q

What is the function of the intestines

A

For enzymatic digestions

Food absorption

30
Q

What 3 structures make up the small intestine

A

Ileum
jejunum
Duodenum

31
Q

What structures make up the large intestines in birds?

A

a short colon

pair of caeca (caecum)

32
Q

What is the function of the large intestine

A

Water and electrolyte reabsorption

33
Q

Describe avian villi

A

Birds have short villi that extend into lumen of the colon

34
Q

What is the function of the villi

A

to absorb nutrients from food

35
Q

Where does the avian digestive system terminate?

A

the cloaca

36
Q

What is the cloaca

A

The terminal portion of the urogenital tract and the alimentary tract

37
Q

What is the corprodeum

A

the joining between cloaca and rectum

38
Q

what is the urodeum

A

the area that contains openings of the genital and urinary tract

39
Q

What is the proctodeum

A

forms the vent and has dorsal access to the cloacal bursa

40
Q

Which 3 digestive enzymes do avian species have

A

Amylase
Lipase
Protease

41
Q

What 2 hormones does the avian pancreas produce

A

Insulin

Glucagon

42
Q

Where are insulin and glucagon produced

A

Pancreas

43
Q

What is the main metabolic organ in the body

A

the liver

44
Q

What is the function of the liver

A 
Produces bile
main metabolic organ of the body 
Removal of toxins
stores nutrients
produces haemostatic factors
45
Q

Which bird species lacks a gallbladder

A

Parrots

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (23 decks)

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