KEY KNOWLEDGE

Question 1

List 4 functions of the cardiovascular system

Answer 1

Any from: 
Transport nutrients
Transport waste products
Transport oxygen
Transport carbon dioxide
Transport heat
Transport hormones
Protect against infection
Transfer force in the form of pressure
Stabilize the internal environment of the body

Question 2

List 4 hormones and their functions

Answer 2

Any from:
Adrenocorticotrophic hormones (ACTH)– stimulates the release of corticosteroidsand mineralocorticoids
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)–sertolicells in maletestes causing spermatogenesis,femalesgrowth of follicles
Growth hormone– tissue growth, fat deposition
Luteinizing hormone (LH)– ovaries ovulation anddevelopment of corpus luteum,malesproduction oftestosterone
Prolactin– targets mammary glands to stimulatedevelopment and mild let down
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)– causes thyroid glandto produce thyroxine, thyroxin controls metabolic rate
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/Vasopressin–increasing resorption of water,thus increasing plasma volume, information frombaroreceptors trigger secretion
Oxytocin– targets uterus during parturition, also muscles inmammary glands resulting in mild let down
Glucagon– acts on liver tobreak down glycogen, also increase lipolysis
Insulin– stimulated by high blood glucose, stimulate uptakeof glucose by cells

Question 3

List 3 main differences between the digestive systems of ruminants and carnivores

Answer 3

Different dentition
Ruminants have fore stomachs
Ruminants intestines are much longer than carnivores

Question 4

Name and briefly describe the stages of mitosis

Answer 4

Interphase - DNA replicates ready for cell division
Prophase - nuclear envelope breaks down, chromosomes condense
Metaphase - chromosomes move to the middle equator of the cell, attach to spindle fibres by centromeres
Anaphase - Chromatids split and move to polar ends of the cell
Telophase (and cytpokinesis) - chromosomes uncoil, nuclear envelope reappears, cell splits and cytoplasm divides equally to form two new identical daughter cells

Question 5

Name 2 structures in the mediastinum

Answer 5

Any:
thymus, 
heart, 
aorta, 
trachea, 
oesophagus, nerves 
blood vessels

Question 6

Why do birds and reptiles only have a coelom rather than a thorax and abdomen?

Answer 6

Because they don’t have a diaphragm to divide the two structures

Question 7

What is the mediastinum?

Answer 7

The area in the chest behind the lungs

Question 8

List 4 functions of the skeletal system

Answer 8

• Act as a framework for other structures to attach to
• Enable movement
• Protect soft tissues and organs within the body
• Play a part in haemopoiesis
• To store minerals such as calcium and phosphorus

Question 9

How many cervical vertebrae to mammals have?

Answer 9

7

Question 10

What are 3 adaptations of mammalian lung alveoli?

Answer 10

• thin walls = easy diffusion
• moist lining = gas in solution is easier to diffuse
• branch shape = larger surface area = more room for diffusion

Question 11

What are 2 reasons lymph nodes may become enlarged

Answer 11

Infection
Neoplasia (uncontrolled cell growth) 
Stress
Cancer
Immune system diseases

Question 12

Name 6 lymph nodes and where they are found

Answer 12

Mandibular - jaw
Auxiliary - armpit
Popliteal - behind the knee
(superficial) Inguinal - groin
Prescapular - chest 
Paratid - just below the ear

Question 13

Name 3 hindgut fermenters

Answer 13

Pigs
Rodents
Elephants
Zebras
Horses
Rhinos

Question 14

Name 3 foregut fermenters (ruminant)

Answer 14

Cows
Sheep
Deer
Goats
Giraffes
Camel

Question 15

How does liver contribute to digestion?

Answer 15

Produces bile to emulsify fats to produce small globules, activates liapases

Question 16

Which animal does not have a gallbladder?

Answer 16

Horse

Question 17

How does the lymphatic system help digestion?

Answer 17

Carries fat from intestines to blood stream

Question 18

What happens if the haemostatic process became hyperactive?

Answer 18

Blood clots thrombi

Question 19

Where are coagulation factors formed?

Answer 19

Liver

Question 20

Which vitamin is essential for coagulation factor formation?

Answer 20

Vitamin K

Question 21

What is vitamin k essential for?

Answer 21

Coagulation factor formation

Question 22

A dog develops a functional parathyroid tumour, as a result of excessive PTH which mineral would be raised in the blood?

Answer 22

Calcium

Question 23

An adult animal’s bodyweight is made out of what percentage of water?

Answer 23

60%

Question 24

What are 4 structures in the spinal cord?

Answer 24

Grey matter
Dura mater
Pia mater
Arachnoid

Question 25

Which zone of the parenchyma in the portal tract of the liver will hypoxia affect?

Answer 25

Zone 3 (centrilobular)

Question 26

What is zone 3 of the liver portal tract most sensitive to?

Answer 26

Toxic injury due to low oxygenation (hypoxia)

Question 27

Which zone of the parenchyma in the portal tract of the liver will absorbed toxins most affect?

Answer 27

Zone 1 (periportal) - because it’s the area of oxygen metabolism and the synthesis of glycogen and place for bile salt formation

Question 28

why is zone 1 of the liver portal tract most effected by toxins absorbed in the intestines

Answer 28

because it’s the area of oxygen metabolism and the synthesis of glycogen and place for bile salt formation

Question 29

list 4 functions of the liver

Answer 29

Any from: 
Bilirubin metabolism
Bile acid metabolism
Carbohydrate metabolism
Lipid metabolism
Protein synthesis
Immune function
Foreign substance (xenobiotic) metabolism

Question 30

what are 3 purposes of bile

Answer 30

Get rid of waste products (bilirubin,xenobiotics,cholesterol)
Facilitate digestion
Provide a buffer to neutralize acid

Question 31

what are the 5 main anatomical structures of the urinary system

Answer 31

Kidney
Bladder
Ureter
Urethra
Renal Pelvis

Question 32

What are 3 main structures of the urinary system and their function

Answer 32

Glomerulus - is a network of blood vessels which has holes in for ultra-filtration and results in urine
Bowman’s capsule – collects the filtrate
Loop of Henle – pumps out ions (Na, K, Cl) to concentrate urine

Question 33

what are 4 functions of the lymphatic system

Answer 33

To return excess tissue fluid to the circulation
To produce lymphocytes to fight infection
To act as a filter
To transport fatty acid molecules