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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY > The Gastrointestinal System (mammals) > Flashcards

The Gastrointestinal System (mammals) Flashcards

1
Q

Name 4 structures of the gastrointestinal system

A

Any from:

  • Mouth
  • Pharynx
  • Oesophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Large intestine
  • Liver and gall bladder
  • Pancreas
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2
Q

Name the 4 salviary glands

A
  • Parotid
  • Mandibular
  • Sublingual
  • Zygomatic
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3
Q

What does feline saliva lack?

A

Amylase

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4
Q

What is the function of amylase?

A

Breaks down starch into smaller carbohydrate molecules

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5
Q

Which part of the nervous system controls rate of saliva production?

A

Autonomic nervous system

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6
Q

Where can small salivary glands be found?

A

Lips, cheeks, tongue, soft palate and pharynx

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7
Q

Which animal group produces the most amylase in saliva?

A

Herbivores

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8
Q

Describe the process of swallowing

A

Bolus of food is pushed to back of mouth by tongue
Soft palate raised to block nasopharynx
Hyoid apparatus moves forward and epiglottis closes the larynx
Pharynx opens
Bolus is pushed to top of pharynx by tongue
Pharynx closes
Peristalitic waves carry found down oesophagus to stomach
Soft palate lowers
Hyoid apparatus moves backwards, epiglottis moves forwards, larynx opens

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9
Q

Why does the soft palate raise when swallowing

A

To block off nasopharynx

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10
Q

Which type of muscular motion moves food down the oesophagus

A

Peristalsis

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11
Q

Where is the oesophagus located

A

Down the left side of the neck, transverses the mediastinum and enters stomach at cardiac sphincter

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12
Q

Name 3 gastric secretions

A

Mucus
Pepsinogen
Hydrochloric acid

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13
Q

Which type of meal slows gastric emptying

A

High fat meals

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14
Q

What is the pH of gastric secretions

A

less than 2

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15
Q

What 3 types of cells are found in the stomach

A

Goblet cells
Parietal cells
Chief cells

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16
Q

What is the function of chief cells

A

releases pepsinogen which breaks up proteins

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17
Q

What is pepsinogen activated into

A

the digestive enzyme pepsin

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18
Q

When is pepsinogen activated into pepsin

A

when it comes into contact with hydrochloric acid from the gastric parietal cells

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19
Q

Which cells produce hydrochloric acid

A

Gastric parietal cells

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20
Q

What is the function of goblet cells

A

To produce mucus to protect gastric mucosa from autodigestion

21
Q

which gastric cells prevent autodigestion

A

Goblet cells

22
Q

What is the function of parietal cells

A

to produce hydrochloric acid - that denatures proteins, kills pathogenic bacteria and turns pepsinogen into pepsin

23
Q

Which gastric secretion kills pathogenic bacteria

A

Hydrochloric acid

24
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine

A

Ileum
Jejunum
Duodenum

25
Q

What is the shape of the jejunum

A

Long and coiled

26
Q

What does the ileum lack

A

Vili on the mucosa

27
Q

What is mucosa

A

a membrane that lines various cavities in the body and covers the surface of internal organs. It consists of one or more layers of epithelial cells overlying a layer of loose connective tissue

28
Q

What is the function of the enzyme trypsin

A

Breaks down proteins into peptides and amino acids in small intestine

29
Q

Where does trypsin work

A

small intestine

30
Q

Where do proteins mainly get broken down into amino acids

A

Small intestine

31
Q

What is the function of lipase

A

To break down lipids (fats) after bile breaks them down into droplets

32
Q

What is the function of amylase

A

to break down starch into smaller carbohydrate molecules

33
Q

Where is amylase mainly found

A

Saliva

Pancreas

34
Q

What comprises the large intestine

A

Caecum
Colon
Rectum

35
Q

Which section of the large intestine is particularly big in rabbits

A

Caecum

36
Q

Does the small or large intestine have a slower transit time

A

Large intestine is slower

37
Q

What kind of digestion happens in the large intestine

A

Microbial digestion

fibre breakdown

38
Q

Which part of the digestive system does water and electrolytes get absorbed?

A

Large intestine

39
Q

in which part of the digestive system does b vitamins and vitamin k get extracted

A

large intestine

40
Q

Which feature do some small mammals have that larger ones don’t

A

cheek pouches for food storage

41
Q

What type of digester are small mammals

A

Well developed hindgut fermenters

Herbivores

42
Q

How do small mammals mechanically break down food

A

Through teeth and stomach contractions

43
Q

Where does absorption of nutrients generally occur in small mammals

A

Duodenum onwards (large intestine)

44
Q

What is the function of the digestive system

A

to ingest food and break it down into simple compounds that can be absorbed and utilised by the body

45
Q

List 3 functions of the tongue

A

The manipulation of food.
The tasting of food (the surface is covered with taste buds).
Grooming.

46
Q

What is the collective name given to the numerous small projections on the surface of the tongue used for grooming?

A

Papillae

47
Q

What are 5 functions of saliva

A

Moisten food to optimise enzyme effects
Lubricate food for ease of passing down oesophagus
Moisten mouth - to prevent mucous membranes drying out
Produce mucous
produce alpha amylase to break down starch

48
Q

Why is the caecum of little significance in the cat and dog?

A

It is a site where bacteria are used to breakdown coarse vegetable matter and the cat and dog are carnivores – more significant in herbivores to break down fibre

49
Q

Where does fibre breakdown occur

A

Caecum

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (23 decks)

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