Respiratory Systems

Question 1

What is the main function of the respiratory system?

Answer 1

To deliver oxygen to the body and remove carbon dioxide

Question 2

Name 3 structures comprising the respiratory system

Answer 2

Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs 
Diaphragm

Question 3

What 5 structures comprise the Upper Respiratory Tract?

Answer 3

Nose
Nasal cavities
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea

Question 4

What 4 structures comprise the Lower Respiratory Tract?

Answer 4

Lungs
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli

Question 5

What is the vomeronasal organ also known as?

Answer 5

Jacobson’s organ

Question 6

What is the function of the vomeronasal organ?

Answer 6

It forms part of the olfactory system, using chemoreceptors to detect heavy moisture-borne odour particles

Question 7

What is the function of the paranasal sinus in the nasal cavity?

Answer 7

To warm up air and humidify it. Also functions for voice resonance

Question 8

Where is the vomeronasal organ found?

Answer 8

in the soft tissue of the nasal septum in the nasal cavity (just above roof of the mouth)

Question 9

What is the nasopharynx?

Answer 9

Caudal nasal cavity of the pharynx

Question 10

What is the oropharynx?

Answer 10

Caudal oral cavity

Question 11

What 4 structures comprise the larynx?

Answer 11

epiglottis
thyroid cartilage,
artnoid cartilage,
cricoid cartilage

Question 12

What are the 3 main functions of the larynx?

Answer 12

1) to prevent entry of foreign material into respiratory tract during swallowing,
2) vocalisation
3) to regulate flow of gases

Question 13

Where is the voice box located?

Answer 13

The larynx

Question 14

Describe what the trachea is

Answer 14

C-shaped rings of cartilage connected by fibrous tissue and smooth muscle, lined with ciliated epithelium

Question 15

what does the trachea split into and where does it split?

Answer 15

Into 2 bronchi

At the heart base level

Question 16

What is the main function of the trachea?

Answer 16

• Acts as a passage for air to flow from larynx to lungs (for gas exchange)

Question 17

Which trachea C-shaped rings are incomplete

Answer 17

The dorsal ones (Towards the back)

Question 18

What does the bronchi divide into?

Answer 18

Bronchioles

Question 19

Are the cartilage rings of the bronchi complete or incomplete?

Answer 19

Incomplete

Question 20

What happens to thr structure of the bronchioles?

Answer 20

They get progressively smaller and have less cartilage. They eventually terminate at alveolar duct, leading to alveoli

Question 21

Where do the bronchioles become alveoli?

Answer 21

alveolar duct

Question 22

Where does gas exchange occur?

Answer 22

In the alveoli

Question 23

What 2 layers of connective tissue cover the lungs?

Answer 23

Parietal pleura - covers the inside of thoracic cavity

Visceral pleura

Question 24

What is the space called between the connective tissue of the lungs?

Answer 24

Pleural space

Question 25

What type of breathers are horses?

Answer 25

Obligated nasal breathers - meaning they cannot breath of of their mouths

Question 26

What are guttural pouches in horses and what are their function?

Answer 26

- They are thinly-lined membrane air sacs located on either side of the neck, below the ears - There function is to regulate air pressure and connect the ears to the nose and mouth

Question 27

Which species do not have diaphragms?

Answer 27

Reptiles | Birds

Question 28

How many air sacs do birds have?

Answer 28

8

Question 29

Name the location of the air sacs of birds

Answer 29

``` 2x abdominal 2x cranial thoracic 2 caudal thoracic 1x cervical 1x clavical ```

Question 30

Which air sacs enter vertebrae?

Answer 30

Cervical and clavicular

Question 31

Do air sacs change volume in inhalation?

Answer 31

No

Question 32

What are the 2 main function of air sacs

Answer 32

to hold air for a continuous flow of large volumes of air through the lungs - to increase O2 exchange capacity and efficiency + to reduce bird's weight during flight

Question 33

What is a difference between avian and mammalian trachea?

Answer 33

Avian trachea has complete calcified rings | Mammalian trachea has incomplete dorsal rings

Question 34

What is the name of the vocal organ in birds?

Answer 34

Syrinx

Question 35

Where is the syrinx located in birds?

Answer 35

at the caudal end of the trachea and beginning of primary bronchi – surrounded by an air sac

Question 36

What 3 things comprise the syrinx

Answer 36

ossified cartilage, vibrating membranes and muscles

Question 37

briefly describe the process of air moving through the avian respiratory system

Answer 37

1) Air inhaled through trachea and mainly into the posterior air sacs 2) Air moves from posterior air sacs into lungs 3) Air moves from lungs to anterior air sacs 4) Air moves from anterior air sacs to trachea and out the nose

Question 38

What happens to avian ribs and sternum in inspiration

Answer 38

Ribs are drawn forwards | Sternum lowers

Question 39

What happens to avian sternum in expiration?

Answer 39

It drawn caudal and dorsal