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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY > Respiratory Systems > Flashcards

Respiratory Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main function of the respiratory system?

A

To deliver oxygen to the body and remove carbon dioxide

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2
Q

Name 3 structures comprising the respiratory system

A 
Nose
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs 
Diaphragm
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3
Q

What 5 structures comprise the Upper Respiratory Tract?

A 
Nose
Nasal cavities
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
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4
Q

What 4 structures comprise the Lower Respiratory Tract?

A

Lungs
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli

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5
Q

What is the vomeronasal organ also known as?

A

Jacobson’s organ

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6
Q

What is the function of the vomeronasal organ?

A

It forms part of the olfactory system, using chemoreceptors to detect heavy moisture-borne odour particles

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7
Q

What is the function of the paranasal sinus in the nasal cavity?

A

To warm up air and humidify it. Also functions for voice resonance

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8
Q

Where is the vomeronasal organ found?

A

in the soft tissue of the nasal septum in the nasal cavity (just above roof of the mouth)

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9
Q

What is the nasopharynx?

A

Caudal nasal cavity of the pharynx

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10
Q

What is the oropharynx?

A

Caudal oral cavity

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11
Q

What 4 structures comprise the larynx?

A

epiglottis
thyroid cartilage,
artnoid cartilage,
cricoid cartilage

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12
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the larynx?

A

1) to prevent entry of foreign material into respiratory tract during swallowing,
2) vocalisation
3) to regulate flow of gases

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13
Q

Where is the voice box located?

A

The larynx

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14
Q

Describe what the trachea is

A

C-shaped rings of cartilage connected by fibrous tissue and smooth muscle, lined with ciliated epithelium

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15
Q

what does the trachea split into and where does it split?

A

Into 2 bronchi

At the heart base level

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16
Q

What is the main function of the trachea?

A
  • Acts as a passage for air to flow from larynx to lungs (for gas exchange)
17
Q

Which trachea C-shaped rings are incomplete

A

The dorsal ones (Towards the back)

18
Q

What does the bronchi divide into?

A

Bronchioles

19
Q

Are the cartilage rings of the bronchi complete or incomplete?

A

Incomplete

20
Q

What happens to thr structure of the bronchioles?

A

They get progressively smaller and have less cartilage. They eventually terminate at alveolar duct, leading to alveoli

21
Q

Where do the bronchioles become alveoli?

A

alveolar duct

22
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

In the alveoli

23
Q

What 2 layers of connective tissue cover the lungs?

A

Parietal pleura - covers the inside of thoracic cavity

Visceral pleura

24
Q

What is the space called between the connective tissue of the lungs?

A

Pleural space

25
Q

What type of breathers are horses?

A

Obligated nasal breathers - meaning they cannot breath of of their mouths

26
Q

What are guttural pouches in horses and what are their function?

A
  • They are thinly-lined membrane air sacs located on either side of the neck, below the ears
  • There function is to regulate air pressure and connect the ears to the nose and mouth
27
Q

Which species do not have diaphragms?

A

Reptiles

Birds

28
Q

How many air sacs do birds have?

A

8

29
Q

Name the location of the air sacs of birds

A 
2x abdominal
2x cranial thoracic
2 caudal thoracic
1x cervical
1x clavical
30
Q

Which air sacs enter vertebrae?

A

Cervical and clavicular

31
Q

Do air sacs change volume in inhalation?

A

No

32
Q

What are the 2 main function of air sacs

A

to hold air for a continuous flow of large volumes of air through the lungs - to increase O2 exchange capacity and efficiency
+ to reduce bird’s weight during flight

33
Q

What is a difference between avian and mammalian trachea?

A

Avian trachea has complete calcified rings

Mammalian trachea has incomplete dorsal rings

34
Q

What is the name of the vocal organ in birds?

A

Syrinx

35
Q

Where is the syrinx located in birds?

A

at the caudal end of the trachea and beginning of primary bronchi – surrounded by an air sac

36
Q

What 3 things comprise the syrinx

A

ossified cartilage, vibrating membranes and muscles

37
Q

briefly describe the process of air moving through the avian respiratory system

A

1) Air inhaled through trachea and mainly into the posterior air sacs
2) Air moves from posterior air sacs into lungs
3) Air moves from lungs to anterior air sacs
4) Air moves from anterior air sacs to trachea and out the nose

38
Q

What happens to avian ribs and sternum in inspiration

A

Ribs are drawn forwards

Sternum lowers

39
Q

What happens to avian sternum in expiration?

A

It drawn caudal and dorsal

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (23 decks)

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