Exotic Species Anatomy

Question 1

are birds mostly endotherms of ectotherms?

Answer 1

Endotherms

Question 2

do birds have sweat glands

Answer 2

No

Question 3

what are feathers made of

Answer 3

Protein

Question 4

what is the main function of the uropygial gland in birds?

Answer 4

to produce a waxy-oily secretions for chemical protection, waterproofing and plumage maintainence

Question 5

What are the 5 main types of bird feathers

Answer 5

Contour feathers
Semi plume
Down (including powder down)
Filoplume
Bristles

Question 6

Do birds have lymph nodes?

Answer 6

No - apart from waterfowl that have a single coelomic lymph node)

Question 7

Do birds have a spleen ?

Answer 7

Yes

Question 8

Which senses are most prominent in birds?

Answer 8

Vision and hearing

Question 9

Which organ controls smell/ taste in birds?

Answer 9

Jacobson’s organ

Question 10

Which type of bird is more likely to see in UV?

Answer 10

Predators / birds of prey

Question 11

How many chambers do bird hearts have?

Answer 11

4

Question 12

What determines sex chromosomes in birds?

Answer 12

Genes on the Z chromosome

Question 13

What are the male and female bird chromosomes?

Answer 13

Male = ZZ
female = ZW

Question 14

In birds, which chromosome is the largest and contains all known sex-linked genes?

Answer 14

Z chromosome

Question 15

In birds, which chromosome contains protein encoding for transcriptional activity?

Answer 15

the w chromosome

Question 16

Where is lymphatic tissue mainly found in birds?

Answer 16

The liver and kidneys

Question 17

Are reptiles mainly endothermic or ectothermic?

Answer 17

Ectothermic

Question 18

How many heart chambers to crocodiles have?

Answer 18

4

Question 19

How many heart chambers do snakes, lizards and chelonians have?

Answer 19

3

Question 20

In reptiles, are eggs fertilized internally or externally?

Answer 20

internally

Question 21

What is an example of sexual dimorphism in turtles?

Answer 21

males have longer tails than females

Male cloacal opening is closer to the tail than females

Question 22

In semi-aquatic reptiles, which gender is larger?

Answer 22

Females

Question 23

Do snakes have ear openings?

Answer 23

No

Question 24

Do snakes have eyelids?

Answer 24

No

Question 25

What is the structure of a non-venomous snakes teeth?

Answer 25

2 upper jaw rows 1 lower jaw row teeth curve backwards to keep prey from escaping

Question 26

What is a key difference in a snake skull compared to other animals?

Answer 26

Snake skulls have joints to swallow big prey

Question 27

Why are snake ribs flexible?

Answer 27

To support length of body and allow prey to move through body

Question 28

Which senses do snakes rely on most?

Answer 28

smell and touch

Question 29

Why do snakes have a forked tongue?

Answer 29

To bring air particles into the mouth for the jacobson's organ to detect

Question 30

Where is the jacobson's organ located

Answer 30

in the roof of the mouth

Question 31

What does the jacobson's organ do

Answer 31

Identifies odours from air particles

Question 32

How do snakes hear

Answer 32

An internal ear bone detects vibrations of sound waves through the ground

Question 33

Do snakes have a sternum

Answer 33

No

Question 34

What type of diet do all snakes have?

Answer 34

Carnivorous

Question 35

What is specific about the snake's left lung

Answer 35

It is reduced or absent

Question 36

What is the male reproductive organ known as?

Answer 36

A hemipene

Question 37

How do chelonians hear

Answer 37

by detecting vibrations in ground or water

Question 38

Do chelonians have teeth?

Answer 38

No

Question 39

What is ecdysis?

Answer 39

The shedding of the skin (reptiles)

Question 40

What is dysecdysis?

Answer 40

Adnormal shedding of the skin

Question 41

What are 3 things that can cause dysecdysis?

Answer 41

``` Dehydration Infection Wounds Organ failure septicemia Ectoparasites ```

Question 42

What is a protective adaption of reptilian tails?

Answer 42

They sometimes have a fractured plane in the tail so the tail can be shed if grasped roughly be a predator

Question 43

Which 3 heart chambers do most reptiles have?

Answer 43

2 atria | 1 ventricle

Question 44

Why do reptiles have 2 aortas?

Answer 44

So air can bypass the pulmonary circuit when the breath is held - so it functions like a 4 chambered heart

Question 45

What gas drives the respiratory rate of reptiles?

Answer 45

Oxygen levels

Question 46

What gas drives the respiratory rate in mammals?

Answer 46

Carbon dioxide levels

Question 47

What is the glottis?

Answer 47

the opening between the vocal folds in the larynx

Question 48

Do reptiles have a glottis?

Answer 48

Yes - but have limited vocalisation

Question 49

Do reptiles have a diaphragm?

Answer 49

No

Question 50

What do reptiles rely on for respiration without a diaphragm?

Answer 50

Intercostal muscles and axial musculature

Question 51

What is special about the snakes spleen

Answer 51

It is fused with the pancreas to form the splenopancreas

Question 52

Which animal has the splenopancreas and what is it

Answer 52

snakes A fusion of the spleen and pancreas

Question 53

What is the reptilian middle ear bone called?

Answer 53

Columella

Question 54

Which bone detects sound vibrations in reptiles?

Answer 54

The mandible

Question 55

What can be problematic for reptiles in captivity

Answer 55

They have highly specialised diets that cannot always be offered by captivity

Question 56

What are venom glands?

Answer 56

Modified salivary glands that can deliver venom through the teeth

Question 57

What 3 chambers comprise a cloaca

Answer 57

Coprodeum Urodeum Proctodeum

Question 58

What part of the nephron do reptile lack?

Answer 58

The loop of henle

Question 59

Which part of the urinary system do most reptiles not have?

Answer 59

A urinary bladder

Question 60

What waste product do aquatic and semi-aquatic reptiles produce?

Answer 60

Ammonia or urea

Question 61

Are reptilian testicles internal or external?

Answer 61

Internal

Question 62

where is the phallus in crocs and chelonians found?

Answer 62

In the floor of cloaca

Question 63

What are the sex chromosomes for reptiles?

Answer 63

Male - ZZ | Female - ZW

Question 64

In reptiles, what determines the sex of offspring

Answer 64

Temperature

Question 65

What do reptile and bird brains lack?

Answer 65

gyrification - no folds (gyri) on the brain Also no sulci (surrounding fissures)

Question 66

How many chambers in the amphibian heart?

Answer 66

3

Question 67

How do amphibians produce sound?

Answer 67

air moves in and out of vocal sacs from the trachea

Question 68

Are amphibians GI tracts short or long?

Answer 68

Short

Question 69

Do amphibians have big or small teeth?

Answer 69

Small

Question 70

What are amphibian teeth predominantly used for?

Answer 70

Holding prey (rather than chewing)

Question 71

Do amphibians have a urinary bladder?

Answer 71

Yes

Question 72

Which animals do NOT have a urinary bladder?

Answer 72

Reptiles | Birds

Question 73

Which animals DO have a urinary bladder

Answer 73

Amphibians | Mammals