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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY > Exotic Species Anatomy > Flashcards

Exotic Species Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

are birds mostly endotherms of ectotherms?

A

Endotherms

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2
Q

do birds have sweat glands

A

No

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3
Q

what are feathers made of

A

Protein

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4
Q

what is the main function of the uropygial gland in birds?

A

to produce a waxy-oily secretions for chemical protection, waterproofing and plumage maintainence

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5
Q

What are the 5 main types of bird feathers

A 
Contour feathers
Semi plume
Down (including powder down)
Filoplume
Bristles
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6
Q

Do birds have lymph nodes?

A

No - apart from waterfowl that have a single coelomic lymph node)

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7
Q

Do birds have a spleen ?

A

Yes

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8
Q

Which senses are most prominent in birds?

A

Vision and hearing

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9
Q

Which organ controls smell/ taste in birds?

A

Jacobson’s organ

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10
Q

Which type of bird is more likely to see in UV?

A

Predators / birds of prey

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11
Q

How many chambers do bird hearts have?

A

4

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12
Q

What determines sex chromosomes in birds?

A

Genes on the Z chromosome

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13
Q

What are the male and female bird chromosomes?

A 
Male = ZZ
female = ZW
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14
Q

In birds, which chromosome is the largest and contains all known sex-linked genes?

A

Z chromosome

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15
Q

In birds, which chromosome contains protein encoding for transcriptional activity?

A

the w chromosome

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16
Q

Where is lymphatic tissue mainly found in birds?

A

The liver and kidneys

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17
Q

Are reptiles mainly endothermic or ectothermic?

A

Ectothermic

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18
Q

How many heart chambers to crocodiles have?

A

4

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19
Q

How many heart chambers do snakes, lizards and chelonians have?

A

3

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20
Q

In reptiles, are eggs fertilized internally or externally?

A

internally

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21
Q

What is an example of sexual dimorphism in turtles?

A

males have longer tails than females

Male cloacal opening is closer to the tail than females

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22
Q

In semi-aquatic reptiles, which gender is larger?

A

Females

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23
Q

Do snakes have ear openings?

A

No

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24
Q

Do snakes have eyelids?

A

No

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25
Q

What is the structure of a non-venomous snakes teeth?

A

2 upper jaw rows
1 lower jaw row
teeth curve backwards to keep prey from escaping

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26
Q

What is a key difference in a snake skull compared to other animals?

A

Snake skulls have joints to swallow big prey

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27
Q

Why are snake ribs flexible?

A

To support length of body and allow prey to move through body

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28
Q

Which senses do snakes rely on most?

A

smell and touch

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29
Q

Why do snakes have a forked tongue?

A

To bring air particles into the mouth for the jacobson’s organ to detect

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30
Q

Where is the jacobson’s organ located

A

in the roof of the mouth

31
Q

What does the jacobson’s organ do

A

Identifies odours from air particles

32
Q

How do snakes hear

A

An internal ear bone detects vibrations of sound waves through the ground

33
Q

Do snakes have a sternum

A

No

34
Q

What type of diet do all snakes have?

A

Carnivorous

35
Q

What is specific about the snake’s left lung

A

It is reduced or absent

36
Q

What is the male reproductive organ known as?

A

A hemipene

37
Q

How do chelonians hear

A

by detecting vibrations in ground or water

38
Q

Do chelonians have teeth?

A

No

39
Q

What is ecdysis?

A

The shedding of the skin (reptiles)

40
Q

What is dysecdysis?

A

Adnormal shedding of the skin

41
Q

What are 3 things that can cause dysecdysis?

A 
Dehydration
Infection
Wounds
Organ failure
septicemia
Ectoparasites
42
Q

What is a protective adaption of reptilian tails?

A

They sometimes have a fractured plane in the tail so the tail can be shed if grasped roughly be a predator

43
Q

Which 3 heart chambers do most reptiles have?

A

2 atria

1 ventricle

44
Q

Why do reptiles have 2 aortas?

A

So air can bypass the pulmonary circuit when the breath is held - so it functions like a 4 chambered heart

45
Q

What gas drives the respiratory rate of reptiles?

A

Oxygen levels

46
Q

What gas drives the respiratory rate in mammals?

A

Carbon dioxide levels

47
Q

What is the glottis?

A

the opening between the vocal folds in the larynx

48
Q

Do reptiles have a glottis?

A

Yes - but have limited vocalisation

49
Q

Do reptiles have a diaphragm?

A

No

50
Q

What do reptiles rely on for respiration without a diaphragm?

A

Intercostal muscles and axial musculature

51
Q

What is special about the snakes spleen

A

It is fused with the pancreas to form the splenopancreas

52
Q

Which animal has the splenopancreas and what is it

A

snakes

A fusion of the spleen and pancreas

53
Q

What is the reptilian middle ear bone called?

A

Columella

54
Q

Which bone detects sound vibrations in reptiles?

A

The mandible

55
Q

What can be problematic for reptiles in captivity

A

They have highly specialised diets that cannot always be offered by captivity

56
Q

What are venom glands?

A

Modified salivary glands that can deliver venom through the teeth

57
Q

What 3 chambers comprise a cloaca

A

Coprodeum
Urodeum
Proctodeum

58
Q

What part of the nephron do reptile lack?

A

The loop of henle

59
Q

Which part of the urinary system do most reptiles not have?

A

A urinary bladder

60
Q

What waste product do aquatic and semi-aquatic reptiles produce?

A

Ammonia or urea

61
Q

Are reptilian testicles internal or external?

A

Internal

62
Q

where is the phallus in crocs and chelonians found?

A

In the floor of cloaca

63
Q

What are the sex chromosomes for reptiles?

A

Male - ZZ

Female - ZW

64
Q

In reptiles, what determines the sex of offspring

A

Temperature

65
Q

What do reptile and bird brains lack?

A

gyrification - no folds (gyri) on the brain

Also no sulci (surrounding fissures)

66
Q

How many chambers in the amphibian heart?

A

3

67
Q

How do amphibians produce sound?

A

air moves in and out of vocal sacs from the trachea

68
Q

Are amphibians GI tracts short or long?

A

Short

69
Q

Do amphibians have big or small teeth?

A

Small

70
Q

What are amphibian teeth predominantly used for?

A

Holding prey (rather than chewing)

71
Q

Do amphibians have a urinary bladder?

A

Yes

72
Q

Which animals do NOT have a urinary bladder?

A

Reptiles

Birds

73
Q

Which animals DO have a urinary bladder

A

Amphibians

Mammals

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (23 decks)

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