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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY > Joints > Flashcards

Joints Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main 2 types of joints

A

Cartilaginous

Synovial

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2
Q

What do cartilaginous joints do?

A

Provides direct connections between vertebral bodies

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3
Q

What are synovial joints

A

joints found between the ones that move against each other

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4
Q

What two parts make up a cartilaginous joint?

A

Nucleus pulposus

Annulus fibrosus

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5
Q

What are the 2 joints of the atlas?

A

Atlanto-occipital joint

Atlantoaxial joint

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6
Q

What movement is the atlanto-occipital joint limited to?

A

flexion/ extension in the sagittal plane - i.e: nodding

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7
Q

What movement is the atlantoaxial joint capable of?

A

Rotational on a longitudinal axis - i.e: head shaking

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8
Q

Which atlas joint is responsible for nodding?

A

The atlanto-occipital joint

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9
Q

Which atlas joint is responsible for shaking the head?

A

The atlantoaxial joint

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10
Q

Name 3 synovial joints

A

Shoulders
Hips
Elbow
Knee joints

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11
Q

What comprises the structure of a synovial joint?

A 
Synovial membrane
Fibrous joint capsule
Articular surface 
Synovial fluid
Ligaments
Meniscus
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12
Q

What is found in the synovial cavity?

A

Synovial fluid

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13
Q

What structure holds synovial fluid in the synovial cavity?

A

Synovial membrane

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14
Q

What encompasses the entire synovial joint?

A

The fibrous joint capsule

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15
Q

What happens to joints in arthritis?

A

Parts of synovial joint is worn away leading to bone on bone contact

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16
Q

what are the 7 types of joint structures?

A 
condylar
ellipsoidal
hinge
pivot
plane (aka gliding or arthrodial joint)
saddle
spheroidal (ball and socket)
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17
Q

where can you find a ellipsoidal joint?

A

wrist

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18
Q

where can you find a condylar joint

A

wrist
base if finger
connecting of the radius and carpal bones

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19
Q

what movement does a condylar joint make

A

all movements except axial rotation – can go forwards, backwards, side to side

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20
Q

where can you find a hinge joint

A

Elbow, knee, finger joint, toe joint, ankles

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21
Q

what type of movement does a hinge joint make

A

Move along one plane – to bend and straighten actions such as flexing a finger

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22
Q

where can you find a pivot joint

A

First and second vertebrae of the neck

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23
Q

Describe the movement of a pivot joint

A

The cylinder end of bone rotates inside the ring of the other bone (or the ring rotates around the cylinder)

24
Q

Where can you find a plane joint (aka gliding/ arthropodial joint)

A

Between metacarpal bones (hands) and cuneiform bines (feet)

25
Q

Describe the movement of a plane joint

A

Two bone surfaces flat against each other slide over one another

26
Q

Where can you find a saddle joint

A 
Carpometacarpal joint of thumg
Sternoclavicular joint of thorax
Incudomalleolar joint of the middle ear
Calcaneocuboid joint of the heel
Phalanges
27
Q

What kind of movement does a saddle joint make

A

one bone is shaped like a saddle, the other rests as a ‘rider’

28
Q

Why is a saddle joint better adapted than a hinge or gliding joint

A

It provides better stability and more flexibility

29
Q

Where can you find a spheroidal joint (ball and socket)

A

Hip

Shoulder

30
Q

What kind of movement does a spheroidal joint make

A

One bone has a rounded surface that moves within a depression on another bone

31
Q

What is a spheroidal bone also known as?

A

Ball and socket

32
Q

How many vertebrae does the spine have

A

7

33
Q

What connects all vertebrae together

A

Nuchal ligament

34
Q

What are the first two cervical vertebrae known as?

A 
The atlas (1st)
The axis (2nd)
35
Q

What do the wings of the atlas do?

A

allows spinal column to articulate with the skull, providing a resting place for the occipital condyles

36
Q

Which is the longest vertebrae

A

Axis

37
Q

Describe the structure of the atlas

A

No conventional body

Composed of 2 lateral masses joined by dorsal and ventral arches

38
Q

What are thoracic vertebrae articulate with?

A

Ribs

39
Q

Which vertebrae are articulate with the ribs?

A

Thoracic

40
Q

Describe the structure of the thoracic vertebrae

A

Short bodies with flattened extremities, costal facets, short traverse processes and prominent spinous processes

41
Q

Describe the structure of the lumbar vertebrae

A

Longer and more uniform than thoracic vertebrae

Shorter and with long flattened traverse processes that project laterally

42
Q

Which is a vertebrae process?

A

A projection from the vertebra

43
Q

What are the 3 types of vertebrae processes

A

Spinous
Transverse
Articular

44
Q

Describe the structure of the sacral vertebrae

A

Sacrum = a single bone formed by the fusion of several vertebrae that articulates with the pelvic girdle
- Narrows caudally and is curved to present a concave surface to the pelvic cavity

45
Q

What does Dolichocephalic mean?

A

having a long skull

46
Q

What does Mesocephalic mean?

A

Having a head of medium proportions

47
Q

What does brachycephalic mean?

A

Having a relatively short broad skull

48
Q

What is the word for a long skull

A

Dolichocephalic

49
Q

What is the word for a medium sized skull?

A

Mesocephalic

50
Q

What is the word for a short broad skull

A

brachycephalic

51
Q

Give an example of an animal with a brachycephalic skull

A 
French bulldog
Boxer
Pug
Humans with Down Syndrome
Shih Tzus
Persian cats
52
Q

Give an example of an animal with a mesocephalic skull

A 
Dalmatian 
Labrador
Beagle
Border collie
Springer Spaniel
53
Q

How would you generally describe the shape of a human skull

A

Globular (with obvious racial differences)

54
Q

What is the lower half of the ribs comprised of

A

Cartilage

55
Q

Where do the ribs meet

A

At the sternum

56
Q

What is the most caudal sternabra called?

A

The xiphoid

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (23 decks)

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