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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cardiovascular system?

A

the system that circulates blood and lymph through the body

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2
Q

What 6 things comprise the cardiovascular system?

A 
The heart
Blood vessels
Blood
Lymph
Lymphatic Vessels
Glands
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3
Q

Where does the heart sit?

A

left of the thorax in mediastinum

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4
Q

What type of pressure do contractions make?

A

Systolic pressure

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5
Q

What type of pressure does relaxation make?

A

Diastolic pressure

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6
Q

Systolic pressure is caused by what ?

A

Contractions

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7
Q

Diastolic pressure is caused by what?

A

Relaxation

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8
Q

How many heart chambers to reptiles have and what are they?

A

3
two atria
one common ventricle

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9
Q

How many heart chambers do mammals have?

A

4
two atria
two ventricles

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10
Q

How many heart chambers do birds have?

A

4
two atria
two ventricles

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11
Q

Which side of the heart has the pulmonary circuit?

A

right

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12
Q

Which circuit is found on the right side of the heart?

A

Pulmonary circuit

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13
Q

Which circuit is found on the left side of the heart?

A

Systemic circuit

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14
Q

Which side of the heart is the systemic circuit found?

A

Left

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15
Q

Which blood circuit has lower pressure?

A

Pulmonary

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16
Q

Name 3 functions of the cardiovascular system

A

Any from:

  • Nutrient transport
  • Waste product transport
  • Transport oxygen
  • Transport carbon dioxide
  • Transport heat
  • Transport hormones
  • Protect against infection
  • Transfer force in the form of pressure
  • Stabilize the internal environment of the body
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17
Q

What is the muscular tissue of the heart called?

A

Myocardium

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18
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

Muscular tissue of the heart

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19
Q

What type of cells make up the myocardium?

A

Striated cardiac muscle cells

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20
Q

What shape is the mammalian heart?

A

Cone

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21
Q

What is the tip of the heart known as and which way does it point?

A

Apex

Points down, slightly to the left

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22
Q

What is the name of the connective tissue that envelopes the whole heart?

A

Pericardium

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23
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

The connective tissue that envelopes the whole heart

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24
Q

What is the pericardium also known as?

A

The pericardial sac

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25
Q

What 2 layers comprise the pericardium

A 
fibrous pericardium (outer layer)
serous pericardium (inner layer of membrane)
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26
Q

Which cavity is inside the pericardium?

A

The pericardial cavity

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27
Q

What is the pericardial cavity enclosed by?

A

The pericardium

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28
Q

What structure separates the atria from the ventricles

A

Annulus fibrosus

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29
Q

What does the annulus fibrosus do? (2)

A

Separates the atria and ventricles

Acts as an electricle insulator to block transmissions of action potentials between atria and ventricles

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30
Q

What is anchored in the annulus fibrosus?

A

Valves

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31
Q

Where are valves found in the heart?

A

The annulus fibrosus

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32
Q

What structure attaches the valves to the papillary muscles?

A

Chorda tendineae

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33
Q

What is the function of the chorda tendineae

A

to attach the valves to the papillary muscles

34
Q

Which side of the heart has the tricuspid valve

A

right

35
Q

Which side of the heart has the bicuspid valve?

A

Left

36
Q

Which valve is on the right side of the heart?

A

tricuspid valve

37
Q

Which valve is on the left side of the heart?

A

bicuspid

38
Q

Which valve is at the forefront/ ventral of the heart?

A

pulmonary valve

39
Q

Which valve is most medial in the heart?

A

Aortic valve

40
Q

Where is the aortic valve located?

A

Most medial of the heart

41
Q

Where is the pulmonary valve located?

A

Ventral of the heart

42
Q

Which ventricle does the pulmonary valve enter?

A

Right ventricle

43
Q

Which ventricle does the aortic valve enter

A

left

44
Q

What name is the bicuspid valve also known as?

A

the mitral valve

45
Q

Which veins leave the left atrium?

A

pulmonary veins

46
Q

which main artery does the blood leave the left ventricle for?

A

the Aorta

47
Q

The aorta receives blood from which ventricle?

A

The left ventricle

48
Q

Which blood vessel does blood enter the heart by?

A

The superior vena cava

49
Q

Where does blood go from the right ventricle?

A

To the pulmonary artery

50
Q

Which valves are semilunar?

A

Aortic and pulmonary valves

51
Q

Which side of the heart has the thickest myocardium?

A

The left - because it needs more pressure to pump blood into the aorta and throughout the circulation system

52
Q

What is the pacemaker of the heart and where is it found?

A

Sinoatrial node

In right atrium

53
Q

What does the sinoatrial node do?

A

Acts as the heart’s pacemaker

Elicits contractions to the heart

54
Q

Which structure allows impulses to be conducted from atria to ventricles?

A

Bundle of ‘his and purkinje fibres’

55
Q

What does the bundle of ‘his and purkinje fibres’ do?

A

Allows impulses to be conducted from atria to ventricles

56
Q

How does an electrical impulse create a heart contraction?

A

1) impulse travels to sinoatrial node causing atria walls to contract
2) impulse travels to atrioventricular node
3) bundle branches carry signal from a. node to heart apex
4) signal is spread through ventricle walls, causing contraction

57
Q

what are the 2 phases of the cardiac cycle?

A

systole phase = contraction

diastole phase = relaxation

58
Q

what 2 noises indicate valve movement?

A

lub

dub

59
Q

What does the lub sound indicate?

A

the bicsupid and tricuspid valve closing - the start of systole

60
Q

What does the dub sound indicate?

A

the aortic and pulmonary valves closing - the end of systole

61
Q

Which sound is made when the bicuspid and tricuspid valves close?

A

lub

62
Q

Which sound is made when the aortic and pulmonic valves close?

A

dub

63
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

the amount of blood pumped out by each of the ventricles during one miunte

64
Q

How do you calculate cardiac output?

A

cardiac output = heart rate X stroke volume

65
Q

what is an ECG and what does it do?

A

ECG = Electrocardiogram

measures electrical activity of the heart to detect cardiac problems

66
Q

what is the average heart rate of rats?

A

400bpm

67
Q

what is the average heart rate of cows?

A

65

68
Q

what is the average heart rate of cats?

A

120

69
Q

what is the average heart rate of elephants?

A

25

70
Q

what is an abnormally fast heart rhythm known as?

A

tachycardia

71
Q

What is an abnormally slower than normal heart rate known as?

A

Bradycardia

72
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

higher than normal heart rate caused by improper electrical activity in the upper part of the heart

73
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

a slower than normal heart rate

74
Q

what is hypertension

A

high blood pressure

75
Q

what is hypotension

A

low blood pressure

76
Q

what is low blood pressure called

A

hypotension

77
Q

what is high pressure called?

A

hypertension

78
Q

Which part of the nervous system increases heart rate?

A

sympathetic nervous system (SNS)

79
Q

which part of the nervous system decreases heart rate?

A

parasympathetic nervous system

80
Q

which hormones does the SNS release to increase heart rate

A

epinephrine

norepinephrine

81
Q

which hormone does the paraSNS release to slow heart rate

A

acetylcholine

82
Q

what type of pressure moves blood along a capillary?

A

hydrostatic pressure

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (23 decks)

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