Cardiovascular System Flashcards
What is the cardiovascular system?
the system that circulates blood and lymph through the body
What 6 things comprise the cardiovascular system?
The heart Blood vessels Blood Lymph Lymphatic Vessels Glands
Where does the heart sit?
left of the thorax in mediastinum
What type of pressure do contractions make?
Systolic pressure
What type of pressure does relaxation make?
Diastolic pressure
Systolic pressure is caused by what ?
Contractions
Diastolic pressure is caused by what?
Relaxation
How many heart chambers to reptiles have and what are they?
3
two atria
one common ventricle
How many heart chambers do mammals have?
4
two atria
two ventricles
How many heart chambers do birds have?
4
two atria
two ventricles
Which side of the heart has the pulmonary circuit?
right
Which circuit is found on the right side of the heart?
Pulmonary circuit
Which circuit is found on the left side of the heart?
Systemic circuit
Which side of the heart is the systemic circuit found?
Left
Which blood circuit has lower pressure?
Pulmonary
Name 3 functions of the cardiovascular system
Any from:
- Nutrient transport
- Waste product transport
- Transport oxygen
- Transport carbon dioxide
- Transport heat
- Transport hormones
- Protect against infection
- Transfer force in the form of pressure
- Stabilize the internal environment of the body
What is the muscular tissue of the heart called?
Myocardium
What is the myocardium?
Muscular tissue of the heart
What type of cells make up the myocardium?
Striated cardiac muscle cells
What shape is the mammalian heart?
Cone
What is the tip of the heart known as and which way does it point?
Apex
Points down, slightly to the left
What is the name of the connective tissue that envelopes the whole heart?
Pericardium
What is the pericardium?
The connective tissue that envelopes the whole heart
What is the pericardium also known as?
The pericardial sac
What 2 layers comprise the pericardium
fibrous pericardium (outer layer) serous pericardium (inner layer of membrane)
Which cavity is inside the pericardium?
The pericardial cavity
What is the pericardial cavity enclosed by?
The pericardium
What structure separates the atria from the ventricles
Annulus fibrosus
What does the annulus fibrosus do? (2)
Separates the atria and ventricles
Acts as an electricle insulator to block transmissions of action potentials between atria and ventricles
What is anchored in the annulus fibrosus?
Valves
Where are valves found in the heart?
The annulus fibrosus
What structure attaches the valves to the papillary muscles?
Chorda tendineae
What is the function of the chorda tendineae
to attach the valves to the papillary muscles
Which side of the heart has the tricuspid valve
right
Which side of the heart has the bicuspid valve?
Left
Which valve is on the right side of the heart?
tricuspid valve
Which valve is on the left side of the heart?
bicuspid
Which valve is at the forefront/ ventral of the heart?
pulmonary valve
Which valve is most medial in the heart?
Aortic valve
Where is the aortic valve located?
Most medial of the heart
Where is the pulmonary valve located?
Ventral of the heart
Which ventricle does the pulmonary valve enter?
Right ventricle
Which ventricle does the aortic valve enter
left
What name is the bicuspid valve also known as?
the mitral valve
Which veins leave the left atrium?
pulmonary veins
which main artery does the blood leave the left ventricle for?
the Aorta
The aorta receives blood from which ventricle?
The left ventricle
Which blood vessel does blood enter the heart by?
The superior vena cava
Where does blood go from the right ventricle?
To the pulmonary artery
Which valves are semilunar?
Aortic and pulmonary valves
Which side of the heart has the thickest myocardium?
The left - because it needs more pressure to pump blood into the aorta and throughout the circulation system
What is the pacemaker of the heart and where is it found?
Sinoatrial node
In right atrium
What does the sinoatrial node do?
Acts as the heart’s pacemaker
Elicits contractions to the heart
Which structure allows impulses to be conducted from atria to ventricles?
Bundle of ‘his and purkinje fibres’
What does the bundle of ‘his and purkinje fibres’ do?
Allows impulses to be conducted from atria to ventricles
How does an electrical impulse create a heart contraction?
1) impulse travels to sinoatrial node causing atria walls to contract
2) impulse travels to atrioventricular node
3) bundle branches carry signal from a. node to heart apex
4) signal is spread through ventricle walls, causing contraction
what are the 2 phases of the cardiac cycle?
systole phase = contraction
diastole phase = relaxation
what 2 noises indicate valve movement?
lub
dub
What does the lub sound indicate?
the bicsupid and tricuspid valve closing - the start of systole
What does the dub sound indicate?
the aortic and pulmonary valves closing - the end of systole
Which sound is made when the bicuspid and tricuspid valves close?
lub
Which sound is made when the aortic and pulmonic valves close?
dub
What is cardiac output?
the amount of blood pumped out by each of the ventricles during one miunte
How do you calculate cardiac output?
cardiac output = heart rate X stroke volume
what is an ECG and what does it do?
ECG = Electrocardiogram
measures electrical activity of the heart to detect cardiac problems
what is the average heart rate of rats?
400bpm
what is the average heart rate of cows?
65
what is the average heart rate of cats?
120
what is the average heart rate of elephants?
25
what is an abnormally fast heart rhythm known as?
tachycardia
What is an abnormally slower than normal heart rate known as?
Bradycardia
What is tachycardia?
higher than normal heart rate caused by improper electrical activity in the upper part of the heart
What is bradycardia?
a slower than normal heart rate
what is hypertension
high blood pressure
what is hypotension
low blood pressure
what is low blood pressure called
hypotension
what is high pressure called?
hypertension
Which part of the nervous system increases heart rate?
sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
which part of the nervous system decreases heart rate?
parasympathetic nervous system
which hormones does the SNS release to increase heart rate
epinephrine
norepinephrine
which hormone does the paraSNS release to slow heart rate
acetylcholine
what type of pressure moves blood along a capillary?
hydrostatic pressure