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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cardiovascular system?

A

the system that circulates blood and lymph through the body

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2
Q

What 6 things comprise the cardiovascular system?

A 
The heart
Blood vessels
Blood
Lymph
Lymphatic Vessels
Glands
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3
Q

Where does the heart sit?

A

left of the thorax in mediastinum

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4
Q

What type of pressure do contractions make?

A

Systolic pressure

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5
Q

What type of pressure does relaxation make?

A

Diastolic pressure

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6
Q

Systolic pressure is caused by what ?

A

Contractions

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7
Q

Diastolic pressure is caused by what?

A

Relaxation

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8
Q

How many heart chambers to reptiles have and what are they?

A

3
two atria
one common ventricle

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9
Q

How many heart chambers do mammals have?

A

4
two atria
two ventricles

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10
Q

How many heart chambers do birds have?

A

4
two atria
two ventricles

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11
Q

Which side of the heart has the pulmonary circuit?

A

right

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12
Q

Which circuit is found on the right side of the heart?

A

Pulmonary circuit

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13
Q

Which circuit is found on the left side of the heart?

A

Systemic circuit

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14
Q

Which side of the heart is the systemic circuit found?

A

Left

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15
Q

Which blood circuit has lower pressure?

A

Pulmonary

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16
Q

Name 3 functions of the cardiovascular system

A

Any from:

  • Nutrient transport
  • Waste product transport
  • Transport oxygen
  • Transport carbon dioxide
  • Transport heat
  • Transport hormones
  • Protect against infection
  • Transfer force in the form of pressure
  • Stabilize the internal environment of the body
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17
Q

What is the muscular tissue of the heart called?

A

Myocardium

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18
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

Muscular tissue of the heart

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19
Q

What type of cells make up the myocardium?

A

Striated cardiac muscle cells

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20
Q

What shape is the mammalian heart?

A

Cone

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21
Q

What is the tip of the heart known as and which way does it point?

A

Apex

Points down, slightly to the left

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22
Q

What is the name of the connective tissue that envelopes the whole heart?

A

Pericardium

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23
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

The connective tissue that envelopes the whole heart

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24
Q

What is the pericardium also known as?

A

The pericardial sac

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25
What 2 layers comprise the pericardium
``` fibrous pericardium (outer layer) serous pericardium (inner layer of membrane) ```
26
Which cavity is inside the pericardium?
The pericardial cavity
27
What is the pericardial cavity enclosed by?
The pericardium
28
What structure separates the atria from the ventricles
Annulus fibrosus
29
What does the annulus fibrosus do? (2)
Separates the atria and ventricles | Acts as an electricle insulator to block transmissions of action potentials between atria and ventricles
30
What is anchored in the annulus fibrosus?
Valves
31
Where are valves found in the heart?
The annulus fibrosus
32
What structure attaches the valves to the papillary muscles?
Chorda tendineae
33
What is the function of the chorda tendineae
to attach the valves to the papillary muscles
34
Which side of the heart has the tricuspid valve
right
35
Which side of the heart has the bicuspid valve?
Left
36
Which valve is on the right side of the heart?
tricuspid valve
37
Which valve is on the left side of the heart?
bicuspid
38
Which valve is at the forefront/ ventral of the heart?
pulmonary valve
39
Which valve is most medial in the heart?
Aortic valve
40
Where is the aortic valve located?
Most medial of the heart
41
Where is the pulmonary valve located?
Ventral of the heart
42
Which ventricle does the pulmonary valve enter?
Right ventricle
43
Which ventricle does the aortic valve enter
left
44
What name is the bicuspid valve also known as?
the mitral valve
45
Which veins leave the left atrium?
pulmonary veins
46
which main artery does the blood leave the left ventricle for?
the Aorta
47
The aorta receives blood from which ventricle?
The left ventricle
48
Which blood vessel does blood enter the heart by?
The superior vena cava
49
Where does blood go from the right ventricle?
To the pulmonary artery
50
Which valves are semilunar?
Aortic and pulmonary valves
51
Which side of the heart has the thickest myocardium?
The left - because it needs more pressure to pump blood into the aorta and throughout the circulation system
52
What is the pacemaker of the heart and where is it found?
Sinoatrial node | In right atrium
53
What does the sinoatrial node do?
Acts as the heart's pacemaker | Elicits contractions to the heart
54
Which structure allows impulses to be conducted from atria to ventricles?
Bundle of ‘his and purkinje fibres’
55
What does the bundle of ‘his and purkinje fibres’ do?
Allows impulses to be conducted from atria to ventricles
56
How does an electrical impulse create a heart contraction?
1) impulse travels to sinoatrial node causing atria walls to contract 2) impulse travels to atrioventricular node 3) bundle branches carry signal from a. node to heart apex 4) signal is spread through ventricle walls, causing contraction
57
what are the 2 phases of the cardiac cycle?
systole phase = contraction | diastole phase = relaxation
58
what 2 noises indicate valve movement?
lub | dub
59
What does the lub sound indicate?
the bicsupid and tricuspid valve closing - the start of systole
60
What does the dub sound indicate?
the aortic and pulmonary valves closing - the end of systole
61
Which sound is made when the bicuspid and tricuspid valves close?
lub
62
Which sound is made when the aortic and pulmonic valves close?
dub
63
What is cardiac output?
the amount of blood pumped out by each of the ventricles during one miunte
64
How do you calculate cardiac output?
cardiac output = heart rate X stroke volume
65
what is an ECG and what does it do?
ECG = Electrocardiogram | measures electrical activity of the heart to detect cardiac problems
66
what is the average heart rate of rats?
400bpm
67
what is the average heart rate of cows?
65
68
what is the average heart rate of cats?
120
69
what is the average heart rate of elephants?
25
70
what is an abnormally fast heart rhythm known as?
tachycardia
71
What is an abnormally slower than normal heart rate known as?
Bradycardia
72
What is tachycardia?
higher than normal heart rate caused by improper electrical activity in the upper part of the heart
73
What is bradycardia?
a slower than normal heart rate
74
what is hypertension
high blood pressure
75
what is hypotension
low blood pressure
76
what is low blood pressure called
hypotension
77
what is high pressure called?
hypertension
78
Which part of the nervous system increases heart rate?
sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
79
which part of the nervous system decreases heart rate?
parasympathetic nervous system
80
which hormones does the SNS release to increase heart rate
epinephrine | norepinephrine
81
which hormone does the paraSNS release to slow heart rate
acetylcholine
82
what type of pressure moves blood along a capillary?
hydrostatic pressure

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (23 decks)

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