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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY > The Skeletal System > Flashcards

The Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system?

A
  • Act as a framework for other structures to attach to
  • Enable movement
  • Protect soft tissues and organs within the body
  • Play a part in haemopoiesis
  • To store minerals such as calcium and phosphorus
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2
Q

What 3 things is bone made of?

A

Cells
Collagen
Minerals

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3
Q

What is bone matrix and what is it made of?

A

The intercellular substance of bone tissue consisting of collagen fibres, ground substance and inorganic bone salts

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4
Q

What synthesises the bone matrix?

A

Osteoblasts

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5
Q

What breaks down and remodels bone?

A

Osteoclasts

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6
Q

What cell maintains the bone matrix

A

Osetocytes

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7
Q

What does an osteoblast do?

A

Synthesises the bone matrix

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8
Q

What does an Osteoclast do?

A

Breaks down and remodels bone

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9
Q

What does an osteocyte do?

A

Maintains the bone matrix

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10
Q

What are the two main types of bone?

A

Compact

Cancellous

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11
Q

What is cancellous bone also known as?

A

Spongey bone

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12
Q

Describe the structure of compact bone

A

Dense and regular
Has concentric circles = lamellae - arranged around a central canal
The haversian canal contains blood vessels and nerves

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13
Q

What does the haversian canal of compact bone contain?

A

Blood vessels and nerves

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14
Q

What is compact bone also known as?

A

Cortical bone

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15
Q

What is cortical bone

A

The dense outer surface of the bone that forms a protective layer around the internal cavity

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16
Q

What are the lamellae in compact bone

A

concentric circles around a central canal in the bone structure

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17
Q

What are trabeculae in cancellous bone

A

interconnected bars of bone with spaces in between

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18
Q

Which type of bone is strongest?

A

Compact bone

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19
Q

Where is cancellous bone found?

A

In vertebrae
Flat bones
Ends of long bones

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20
Q

How much of the skeletal system is compact bone?

A

80%

21
Q

What is Wolff’s Law?

A

states that your bones will adapt based on the stress of demands placed on them

(use it or lose it principle)

22
Q

According to Wolff’s law, what happens when you work your muscles over a long time?

A

You place stress on the bones and so the bone tissue remodels to become stronger to cope with the stress

23
Q

According to Wolff’s Law what happens to astronauts bone tissue

A

It weakens because gravity is not placing a big enough demand

24
Q

What is ossification?

A

Bone formation

25
Q

What are young animals’ skeletons predominantly made of?

A

Cartilage

26
Q

What are the 2 types of ossification

A

Intramembranous

Endochondral

27
Q

What is intramembranous ossification

A

the process by which bone develops from fibrous membranes to replace fibrous connective tissue

28
Q

Where does intramembranous ossification occur?

A

Flat bone

i.e: skull, maxilla, mandible

29
Q

Where does endochondral ossification occur?

A

At the Physis, Epiphysis and Cuboidal bones of the CARPUS and TARSUS

30
Q

What is endochondral ossification

A

The process whereby cartilage is systematically replaced by bone to form the growing skeleton

31
Q

What are growth plates

A

The areas of new bone in children and teens – made of cartilage

32
Q

Where are most growth plates found?

A

Near the end of long bones

33
Q

What are the 4 main steps of fracture healing?

A

1) Hematoma formation
2) Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
3) Bony callus formation
4) Bone remodelling

34
Q

What happens during hematoma formation after a fracture?

A

Broken blood vessels leaks blood that clots into a fracture hematoma - blood starts to clot, forming the hematoma

35
Q

When does hematoma formation occur after a fracture?

A

Immediately

36
Q

What happens during fibrocartilaginous callus formation after a fracture?

A

internal and external calluses form - made from
fibroblasts and chondroblasts

Osteoblasts begin to synthesise spongy bone - forms the fibrocartilaginous callus

37
Q

What is the fibrocartilaginous callus replaced by?

A

Bony callus

38
Q

What is bony callus formation facilitated by?

A

Endochondral ossification

39
Q

What happens during bony callus formation?

A

Fibrocartilaginous callus is replaced by bony callus (cancellous bone) with the help of endochondral ossification.
Remaining cartilaginous callus is reabsorbed in surrounding tissues and begins to calcify
Newly formed blood vessels proliferate

40
Q

What happens during bone remodelling?

A

the bony callus (cancellous bone) is remodelled through repeated reabsorption by osteoclasts and new bone formation from osteoblasts

41
Q

How long can bone remodelling take?

A

Several months

42
Q

When does bone remodelling start?

A

3-4 weeks after the fracture

43
Q

Name 3 factors that can delay the healing of fractures

A 
Communication
Infection
Tumours
Disruption of vascular supply 
lack of calcium
44
Q

What can clinicians do to minimise the formation of granulation tissue and calluses

A

Reduce and fixate - moves the two ends of the fracture into close apposition

45
Q

Is bone living or lignified tissues?

A

Living

46
Q

What nutrient can be obtained from bones?

A

Calcium

47
Q

Which 3 hormones are needed for calcium homeostasis?

A

Parathyroid hormone - increases calcium in blood
Calcitrol - increases calcium in blood
Calcitonin - reduced amount of calcium in blood

48
Q

Which type of bone cell does calcium mainly act on?

A

Osteoclasts

49
Q

What are the 2 main types of joints?

A

Cartilaginous

Synovial

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (23 decks)

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