The Science of Biology (CH 1) Flashcards
What are the characteristics that are shared by living organisms?
There are 7.
- Cellular organization
- Ordered complexity
- Sensitivity
- Growth, development & reproduction
- Energy utilization
- Homeostasis
- Evolutionary adaptations
What is Cellular Organization?
- All organisms consist of one or more cells= carries out the basic activity of living
- Bounded by membrane= separates it from its surroundings
What is Ordered Complexity?
-All living things= complex & highly ordered= complex molecular structure
What is Sensitivity?
-All organisms respond to stimuli= pupils dilating, etc
What is Growth, Development, & Sensitivity?
-All organisms are capable of growing & reproducing
What is Energy Utilization?
-All organisms take in energy= werk joose
What is Homeostasis?
-Maintaining constant internal conditions that are different from the environment= maintaining body temp
What are Evolutionary Adaptions?
-Interaction w/ others & environment in ways that influence their survival
What are the tiers for Hierarchical Organization?
- Made up of 5 tiers
- Cellular level
- Organismal level
- Populational level
- Ecosystem level
- Biosphere
What is Cellular Level from the Hierarchy?
- Starts with Atoms= fundamental elements of matter
-Clustered atoms= molecules
-Complex bio structure= assembled into organelles
-Membrane units= cell= basic unit of life
(Bacteria= single-celled while animals, plants, most fungi & algae are multicellular)
What is Organismal Level from the Hierarchy?
- Further breaks down into 3 levels
- Basic Level= Tissues= groups of similar cells= act as functional unit
- 2nd Level= Tissues grouped into organs= several different tissues come together as one unit
- 3rd Level= Organs being grouped into Organ Systems
What is the Populational Level of the Hierarchy?
- Most Basic Level= Population= group of same species living in same place
- All Population form species= look similar & able to interbreed
- Biological Community= populations of different species living together as one= interact w/ eachother & enviornment
What is the Ecosystem level of the Hierarchy?
-Population + enviorment= ecological system/ ecosystem
What is the Biosphere of the Hierarchy?
-Entire planet thought of as an ecosystem
What are Emerging Properties?
- Interactions occurring at the lower level of the hierarchy
- May not be predictable
What types of reasoning is used to determine a hypothesis?
- Deductive
- Inductive
What is Deductive Reasoning?
- Applying general principles to predict specific results
- Reasoning of math & philosophy= tests validity of general areas in all branches of knowledge
What is Inductive Reasoning?
-Using specific observations to construct general scientific principles
What is Reductionism?
- Philisophical approach
- Understand complex systems by reducing them to its working parts
- Gr8 for biochem but has limitations when applied to living systems
- Limits= enzymes do not always behave exactly the same way when taken away from environment= emerging properties cannot be predicted based on JUST working parts
What is Basic Research?
-Extends boundries of what we already know= professors doin research
What is Applied Research?
- Basic research is foundation= people use basic knowledge in industry
- Their results are always reviewed by other scientists
What does Homologous Anatomy mean?
-Have same evolutionary origin but now differ in structure & function
What does Analogous Anatomy mean?
-Wings of birds & butterflies= similar function but different evolutionary origins
How did we find the Molecular Evidence of Evolution?
- Comparing Genomes (sequence of all genes)= precisely specify the degree of relationship among the group
- Phylogentic Tree= evolutionary history of a gene= family tree
What are the Unifying themes in Biology?
- There are 7 themes
- Cell Theory
- Molecular basis of inheritance= continuity of life
- Relationship between structure & functions underlie in living systems
- Diversity of life arose by evolutionary change
- Evolutionary conservation= explains unity of living systems
- Cells= Info processing systems
- Living systems exist in non-equilibrium state
What is Cell Theory?
- Cell= basic unit of life
- Cell= foundation for understanding growth
- Reproduction in all organisms
What is the Molecular Basis of Inheritance?
- Encoded into DNA molecule
- Nucleotides= 4 building blocks
- Specific sequence of hella nucleotides= Gene
- Entire set of DNA instruction that specifies cell= Genome
What is the Relationship between Structure & Function that underlie in living systems?
-Function in molecules & larger Macromolecular complexes= dependent on their structure
What is the Diversity of Life?
- Common origin to evolutionary change
- 3 Domains & 6 Kingdoms
What are the Domains of Diversity of Life?
- Bacteria
- Archea
- Eukarya
What are the Kingdoms of Diversity of Life?
- Bacteria
- Archea
- Protista= unicellular eukaryotes except multicellular algae
- Plantae= Orgsms w/ cell walls of cellulose & obtain energy by photosynthesis
- Fungi= Cell walls of chitin & obtain energy by secreting digestive enzymes & absorbing products they release from external environment
- Animalia=Lack of cell walls & obtain energy by ingesting other organisms & digesting internally
What is Evolutionary Conservation?
- Explains unity of living systems
- Similarities in biochem & genetics= supports that all life evolved from single source
- Ex= Homeodomain proteins= critical in early development of eukaryotes
How are Cells Information Processing Systems?
- Sense & respond to environmental changes through proteins located on cell membrane
- Differential expression of stored genetic info= basis for different cell types
Why do Living Systems exist in Non-Equilibrium State?
- Open systems that need constant supply of energy= maintain their stable, non-equilibrium state
- Able to self organize= creating complex levels= may exhibit emerging properties
