The Science of Biology (CH 1)

Question 1

What are the characteristics that are shared by living organisms?

Answer 1

There are 7.

• Cellular organization
• Ordered complexity
• Sensitivity
• Growth, development & reproduction
• Energy utilization
• Homeostasis
• Evolutionary adaptations

Question 2

What is Cellular Organization?

Answer 2

• All organisms consist of one or more cells= carries out the basic activity of living
• Bounded by membrane= separates it from its surroundings

Question 3

What is Ordered Complexity?

Answer 3

-All living things= complex & highly ordered= complex molecular structure

Question 4

What is Sensitivity?

Answer 4

-All organisms respond to stimuli= pupils dilating, etc

Question 5

What is Growth, Development, & Sensitivity?

Answer 5

-All organisms are capable of growing & reproducing

Question 6

What is Energy Utilization?

Answer 6

-All organisms take in energy= werk joose

Question 7

What is Homeostasis?

Answer 7

-Maintaining constant internal conditions that are different from the environment= maintaining body temp

Question 8

What are Evolutionary Adaptions?

Answer 8

-Interaction w/ others & environment in ways that influence their survival

Question 9

What are the tiers for Hierarchical Organization?

Answer 9

• Made up of 5 tiers
• Cellular level
• Organismal level
• Populational level
• Ecosystem level
• Biosphere

Question 10

What is Cellular Level from the Hierarchy?

Answer 10

• Starts with Atoms= fundamental elements of matter
  -Clustered atoms= molecules
  -Complex bio structure= assembled into organelles
  -Membrane units= cell= basic unit of life
  (Bacteria= single-celled while animals, plants, most fungi & algae are multicellular)

Question 11

What is Organismal Level from the Hierarchy?

Answer 11

• Further breaks down into 3 levels
• Basic Level= Tissues= groups of similar cells= act as functional unit
• 2nd Level= Tissues grouped into organs= several different tissues come together as one unit
• 3rd Level= Organs being grouped into Organ Systems

Question 12

What is the Populational Level of the Hierarchy?

Answer 12

• Most Basic Level= Population= group of same species living in same place
• All Population form species= look similar & able to interbreed
• Biological Community= populations of different species living together as one= interact w/ eachother & enviornment

Question 13

What is the Ecosystem level of the Hierarchy?

Answer 13

-Population + enviorment= ecological system/ ecosystem

Question 14

What is the Biosphere of the Hierarchy?

Answer 14

-Entire planet thought of as an ecosystem

Question 15

What are Emerging Properties?

Answer 15

• Interactions occurring at the lower level of the hierarchy

- May not be predictable

Question 16

What types of reasoning is used to determine a hypothesis?

Answer 16

• Deductive

- Inductive

Question 17

What is Deductive Reasoning?

Answer 17

• Applying general principles to predict specific results

- Reasoning of math & philosophy= tests validity of general areas in all branches of knowledge

Question 18

What is Inductive Reasoning?

Answer 18

-Using specific observations to construct general scientific principles

Question 19

What is Reductionism?

Answer 19

• Philisophical approach
• Understand complex systems by reducing them to its working parts
• Gr8 for biochem but has limitations when applied to living systems
• Limits= enzymes do not always behave exactly the same way when taken away from environment= emerging properties cannot be predicted based on JUST working parts

Question 20

What is Basic Research?

Answer 20

-Extends boundries of what we already know= professors doin research

Question 21

What is Applied Research?

Answer 21

• Basic research is foundation= people use basic knowledge in industry
• Their results are always reviewed by other scientists

Question 22

What does Homologous Anatomy mean?

Answer 22

-Have same evolutionary origin but now differ in structure & function

Question 23

What does Analogous Anatomy mean?

Answer 23

-Wings of birds & butterflies= similar function but different evolutionary origins

Question 24

How did we find the Molecular Evidence of Evolution?

Answer 24

• Comparing Genomes (sequence of all genes)= precisely specify the degree of relationship among the group
• Phylogentic Tree= evolutionary history of a gene= family tree

Question 25

What are the Unifying themes in Biology?

Answer 25

• There are 7 themes
• Cell Theory
• Molecular basis of inheritance= continuity of life
• Relationship between structure & functions underlie in living systems
• Diversity of life arose by evolutionary change
• Evolutionary conservation= explains unity of living systems
• Cells= Info processing systems
• Living systems exist in non-equilibrium state

Question 26

What is Cell Theory?

Answer 26

• Cell= basic unit of life
• Cell= foundation for understanding growth
• Reproduction in all organisms

Question 27

What is the Molecular Basis of Inheritance?

Answer 27

• Encoded into DNA molecule
• Nucleotides= 4 building blocks
• Specific sequence of hella nucleotides= Gene
• Entire set of DNA instruction that specifies cell= Genome

Question 28

What is the Relationship between Structure & Function that underlie in living systems?

Answer 28

-Function in molecules & larger Macromolecular complexes= dependent on their structure

Question 29

What is the Diversity of Life?

Answer 29

• Common origin to evolutionary change

- 3 Domains & 6 Kingdoms

Question 30

What are the Domains of Diversity of Life?

Answer 30

• Bacteria
• Archea
• Eukarya

Question 31

What are the Kingdoms of Diversity of Life?

Answer 31

• Bacteria
• Archea
• Protista= unicellular eukaryotes except multicellular algae
• Plantae= Orgsms w/ cell walls of cellulose & obtain energy by photosynthesis
• Fungi= Cell walls of chitin & obtain energy by secreting digestive enzymes & absorbing products they release from external environment
• Animalia=Lack of cell walls & obtain energy by ingesting other organisms & digesting internally

Question 32

What is Evolutionary Conservation?

Answer 32

• Explains unity of living systems
• Similarities in biochem & genetics= supports that all life evolved from single source
• Ex= Homeodomain proteins= critical in early development of eukaryotes

Question 33

How are Cells Information Processing Systems?

Answer 33

• Sense & respond to environmental changes through proteins located on cell membrane
• Differential expression of stored genetic info= basis for different cell types

Question 34

Why do Living Systems exist in Non-Equilibrium State?

Answer 34

• Open systems that need constant supply of energy= maintain their stable, non-equilibrium state
• Able to self organize= creating complex levels= may exhibit emerging properties