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BIO 110 > Lecture focus questions; Bio Molecules > Flashcards

Lecture focus questions; Bio Molecules Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are organic molecules?

A

-They are compounds that include carbon & use carbon’s ability to make 4 covalent bonds to achieve variety in molecules

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2
Q

What are small biological molecules called?

A

-Metabolites

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3
Q

What are larger biological molecules called?

A

-Macromolecules which are made of polymers of simpler subunits

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4
Q

What is a polymer?

A

-It is a molecule that covalently combines simple subunits

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5
Q

How are biological polymers synthesized?

A

-They are synthesized by dehydration synthesis (condensation reactions) which releases a water molecule from the atoms of the subunits as they are joined

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6
Q

How are biological polymers degraded?

A

-They are degraded by hydrolysis which is where a water molecule is added when the subunits are separated

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7
Q

What are the 4 categories of Macromolecules?

A
  • Polypeptides (more= proteins)
  • Nucleic Acids
  • Triglycerides & phospholipids
  • Complex carbohydrates
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8
Q

What are the monomers for Polypeptides?

A

-Amino acids

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9
Q

What are the monomers for Nucleic Acids?

A

-Nucleotides

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10
Q

What are the monomers for Triglycerides?

A
  • Fatty acids linked with glycol

- and with a phosphate group for phospholipids

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11
Q

What are the monomers for Complex Carbohydrates?

A

-Simple sugars

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12
Q

What is the basic structure for the monomer of Polypeptides?

A
  • The amino acid has a backbone that consists of an amino group at one end and a carboxylic acid group on the other end and an Alpha carbon in the middle
  • The variable side chain is attached to the alpha carbon
  • There can be 20 amino acids
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13
Q

What can be the differences between the 20 amino acids and their side chains?

A
  • The side chains of amino acids can be nonpolar, polar and uncharged, polar and charged
  • The polar & uncharged can be acidic or basic
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14
Q

What kind of bonds are amino acids in a polypeptide held by?

A

-The amino acids are held by amide bonds=peptide bonds

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15
Q

What happens to the linear polypeptide polymer after synthesis?

A
  • It folds up due to the hydrophobic effect
  • After folding, the non-polar side chains are located inside the protein while the polar side chains are outside the protein
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16
Q

What is the structure of the monomer nucleotide?

A

-It is a ribose (or deoxyribose) sugar, a phosphate & a nitrogenous base

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17
Q

What are the 5 different nucleotide monomers/base pairs?

A
  • Adenine
  • Guanine
  • Thymine
  • Uracil
  • Cytosine
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18
Q

What are the 4 base pairs that makeup DNA & what kind of sugar are they made with?

A
  • Adenine
  • Thymine
  • Guanine
  • Cytosine
  • They are made with deoxyribose sugar
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19
Q

What are the 4 base pairs that makeup RNA & what kind of sugar are they made with?

A
  • Adenine
  • Guanine
  • Uracil
  • Cytosine
  • They are made with ribose sugar
20
Q

What’s the difference between Pyrimidines & Purines?

A
  • Pyrimidines are the smaller bc they have 1 rings of atoms

- Purines are bigger bc they have 2 rings of atoms

21
Q

Which basepairs are Pyrimidines?

A
  • Thymine
  • Uracil
  • Cytosine
22
Q

Which basepairs are Purines?

A
  • Adenine

- Guanine

23
Q

How are the nucleotides in DNA & RNA assembled into a nuclear polymer?

A

-They are assembled through a backbone of phosphates & sugars connected by covalent phosphodiester bonds

24
Q

What are the 2 ends of a polynucleotide called?

A

5’ and 3’

-bc they either have a 5 carbon or a 3 carbon sugar sticking out that end

25
Q

In what direction is the sequence of bases written?

A

5’ to 3’ direction

26
Q

What’s the difference between the structure of DNA & RNA?

A
  • DNA is stored for genetic info & it is double-stranded w/ each strand is made of one covalently connected polymer & the 2 strands are connected to each other via hydrogen bonds
  • RNA is used to express it & can be single or double stranded
27
Q

What are lipids?

A

-They are non-polar molecules that include triglycerides, phospholipids, & steroids

28
Q

What is the structure of Steriods?

A

-They have 4 rings of C and H atoms & different attachments off the rings

29
Q

What are Triglycerides & their functions?

A
  • They are 3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol

- They can be used as a dense store of energy= storing energy in a small mass

30
Q

What are the fatty acid & glycerol components of Triglycerides?

A
  • Fatty acids include a carboxylic acid at one end connected to a long chain of methylene (CH2) with a methyl (CH3) group at the other end
  • Glycerol is a short carbohydrate w/ 3 carbon atoms & 3 hydroxyl groups
31
Q

What are key characteristics of Saturated Fatty Acids?

A

-They only have single bonds between carbon atoms & are fully saturated for hydrogen atoms

32
Q

What are the key characteristics for Unsaturated Fatty Acids?

A
  • AKA fats or oils

- They have some double bonds (kinks) between carbon atoms and are oils in room temperature

33
Q

What are the 2 types of bonds in Unsaturated Fatty Acids?

A

-A double bond can either be Cis or Trans

34
Q

What is the difference between Cis and Trans fatty acids in Unsaturated Fatty Acids?

A
  • Cis bonds are made from natural triglycerides

- Trans are made artificially by “partial hydrogenation” of cis fatty acids

35
Q

What is the relationship between fatty acids & health?

A
  • Cis unsaturated fatty acids are the healthiest
  • While saturated fatty acids are less healthy & can lead to heart disease when eaten a lot
  • And trans fatty acids are hella unhealthy
36
Q

What are Phospholipids?

A

-They are molecules that contain 2 fatty acids and a phosphate/ modified phosphate attached to a glycerol

37
Q

What is the role of Phospholipids?

A

-They are used as a major component of cellular membranes which are aggregates of lipids

38
Q

What is the structure of Phospholipids?

A
  • They have a Polar head & a Non-polar tails

- They associated in a bilayer w/ Polar head facing water & Non-polar tails associating together inside the bilayer

39
Q

What is a Simple Sugar?

A

-it is a carbohydrate= has general formula of (CH2O)n

40
Q

What is the structure of a Simple Sugar?

A
  • For 5 carbon sugars, they are used in RNA & DNA

- The 6 carbon sugars include glucose, fructose, galactose

41
Q

What are the 2 roles a complex carbohydrate can have?

A
  • Structural

- And energy storage

42
Q

What complex carbohydrate plays the role of Structure?

A

-Cellulose which is found in plants & is the most common biological molecules on earth

43
Q

Which complex carbohydrates play the role of Energy Storage

A
  • Glycogen and starch

- Glycogen is found in animals while starch is found in plants

44
Q

What is the difference between the complex carbohydrates Glycogen & Starch?

A
  • Glycogen is found in animals & provides short term energy storage in animals (when we sleep)
  • Starch is found in plants & supplies energy to them
45
Q

What is our food made of?

A

-They are mostly made of cells= mostly macromolecules

46
Q

What are the properties of foods determined by?

A

-The properties of macromolecules (sequences & how they are digested/hydrolyzed)

BIO 110 (45 decks)

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