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BIO 110 > Lecture Focus Questions; Cell Structure > Flashcards

Lecture Focus Questions; Cell Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 6 characteristics of life?

A
  • Complexity & organization
  • Responds to external environment
  • Homeostasis
  • Carries out metabolism & growth
  • Reproduces & maintains heredity
  • Adaptation to environment
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2
Q

What does Cell Theory state?

A

-It states that all living organisms are made of cells & that all cells (except first one) come from pre-existing cells

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3
Q

What do the cells from pre-existing cells describe?

A

-They describe reproduction, heredity, adaptation, & evolution

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4
Q

What is the range of the size of cells?

A

-It is a 1000-fold range from 1micrometer to 1 milimeter

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5
Q

Why can’t cells be too small?

A

-They won’t have enough essential materials

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6
Q

Why can’t cells be too big?

A

-They won’t have enough surface area to import materials & export waste

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7
Q

What are the 2 different basic cell architectures?

A

-Eukaryotic & prokaryotic cells

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8
Q

What is the difference between the architecture of Eukaryotic & Prokaryotic cells?

A

-Eukaryotic have distinct nucleus & a series of internal membranes while Prokaryotic cells do not

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9
Q

What domains of life do Prokaryotic cells include?

A

-Bacteria & Archea

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10
Q

What is the basic cell structure of Prokaryotic cells?

A
  • They have cell walls of Peptidoglycan outside of a plasma membrane
  • Inside the plasma membrane, there is a cytoplasm & loosely organized nucleoid that contains the DNA
  • They also have ribosomes= site of protein synthesis
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11
Q

What do Prokaryotic cells NOT have?

A

-Membrane-bound organelles

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12
Q

What is the difference between the cell wall of a prokaryotic cell, a plant cell & fungi?

A
  • Prokaryotic cells have a cell wall made of Peptidoglycan
  • Plant cell walls are made of Cellulose
  • Fungal cell walls are made of Chitin
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13
Q

What is Peptidoglycan made of?

A

-It is a combination of Carbohydrate polymers & short polypeptides

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14
Q

What is the basic architectural principle of Eukaryotic cells?

A

-Compartmentalization of membrane-bound organelles & specialization of their functions

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15
Q

What is the structure of the Nuclear Envelope?

A
  • It consists of 2 membranes where each is a lipid bilayer
  • The envelope is pierced by nuclear pores which provide a regulated pathway for material to travel between nucleus & cytoplasm
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16
Q

What structures does the Nucleus of Eukaryotic cells contain?

A
  • Chromosomes
  • Nucleolus
  • Nuclear Lamina
  • Nuclear Matrix
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17
Q

What is the function of Chromosomes?

A

-They are long linear molecules of DNA that contain genetic info

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18
Q

What 2 things are chromosomes combined with to make chromatin?

A

-RNA & proteins

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19
Q

What is the function of the Nucleolus?

A

-It is the site of rRNA transcription & ribosome formation

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20
Q

What is the structure of the Nuclear Lamina?

A

-It is a mesh of proteins lie immediately underneath the inner bilayer of the nuclear envelope

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21
Q

What is the structure of the Nuclear Matrix?

A

-It is a 2nd mesh of proteins that extends throughout the volume of the nucleus

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22
Q

What kind of covalent bond needs to make a protein?

A

-Amide bonds (peptide bonds when connecting to amino acids)

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23
Q

What are Ribosomes made of?

A

-rRNA & protein

24
Q

What is the role of rRNA in a ribosome?

A

-They form the core of the ribosomes structure & is the actual catalytic molecule that speeds up the formation of amide/peptide bonds in the protein

25
Q

What is the order of events in protein synthesis?

A

1) mRNA is transcribed in the nucleus
2) mRNA exits through nuclear pores
3) mRNA meets small subunits of the ribosome in the cytoplasm
4) mRNA & small subunit are joined by larger subunit
5) then mRNA is translated into protein

26
Q

What is the sequence of amino acids in a protein determined by?

A

-It is determined by the sequence of the nucleotides in the mRNA

27
Q

What are the subdivisions of the endomembrane system?

A
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Golgi complex
  • Membrane-bound vesicles for transporting materials between parts of the system
28
Q

What is the function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

-It is the synthesis of proteins destined for the membrane, secretion, or other organelles

29
Q

How are proteins synthesized?

A
  • They are synthesized by ribosomes on the RER= segregates all the protein/ part of it inside the lumen of the RER after synthesis
  • The proteins also undergo Glycosylation while in the lumen of the RER
30
Q

What is the function of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A
  • It is to synthesize the membrane components phospholipid & cholesterol
  • And to detoxify foreign substances (drugs/ toxins)
31
Q

What is the relationship between the Golgi & ER?

A
  • They are both a system for synthesizing proteins & lipids & directing them to their correct location in the cell
  • Protein & lipid material starts at ER & moves to the cis face of the Golgi via transport vesicles
32
Q

What is the role of the Golgi?

A

-It further modifies proteins & sorts them by their eventual destinations

33
Q

What is the pathway for protein secretion?

A

1) starts out in RER
2) then transport vesicle
3) enters cis face of Golgi
4) Exists the Golgi via trans face
5) gets into transport vesicle
6) Then fuses w/ plasma membrane & exists via Exocytosis

34
Q

What is Endocytosis?

A

-It is the process of bringing bulk materials into the cell

35
Q

What is Exocytosis?

A

-It is the process of letting bulk material out of the cell

36
Q

What are the 3 different types of Endocytosis?

A
  • Phagocytosis (cell eating)
  • Pinocytosis (cell drinking)
  • Receptor-Mediated endocytosis
37
Q

What properties do Lysosomes have?

A

-They have an acidic pH & a set of digestive, hydrolytic enzymes

38
Q

What is the role of Lysosomes in Endocytosis?

A

-They digest the material that is brought into the cell via endocytosis & convert it into material that is useable for the cell

39
Q

What happens to the material from Endocytosis?

A
  • It accumulates in endosomes
  • And then a primary lysosome fuses w/ the endosome to generate a secondary lysosome & digest material inside the vesicle
40
Q

What is the structure of the Mitochondrial Membranes?

A
  • Mitochondria have 2 membranes
  • The outer membrane covers the entire organelles
  • The inner membrane is extensively folded= cristae
  • The space inside the inner membrane= matrix while the space between the 2 membranes= intermembrane space
41
Q

What were Mitochondria Originally?

A

-They were originally free-living bacteria that became incorporated into the cytoplasms of Eukaryotic cells

42
Q

What do Mitochondria and Chloroplasts have in common?

A
  • They were both free-living bacteria
  • They also have multiple membranes
  • And they both have DNA chromosomes that are remnants of DNA chromosomes that they had when they were free living
43
Q

What organelles are unique to plants?

A
  • Plastids (chloroplast)
  • Vacuoles
  • Cell wall made of cellulose
44
Q

What is the membrane structure of a Chloroplast?

A
  • They have 3 membranes
  • The outer membrane completely covers the organelles
  • The inner membrane also covers the organelle
  • The thylakoid membrane is shaped into disks & is the site of photosynthesis
45
Q

What are the 3 different cytoskeletal elements?

A
  • Microfilaments
  • Microtubules
  • Intermmediate filaments
46
Q

What are Microfilaments?

A
  • They are made of chitin
  • They are also long, thin fibers that support the cell
  • they also use the motor protein Myosin to help w/ muscle contraction
47
Q

What are Microtubules?

A
  • They are made of tubulin
  • They are hollow tubes that provide structural support & help w/ movement by serving as “railroad tracks” for Dynein & Kinesin
48
Q

What are Intermediate Filaments?

A
  • They are long strands made of fibrous protein subunits non-covalently bonded end to end
  • They provide structural support in the cell (nuclear lamina) BUT DO NOT HAVE ROLE IN MOVEMENT
49
Q

What motor proteins interact with Microtubules?

A

-Dynein & Kinesin

50
Q

What motor proteins interact with Actin filaments (microfilaments)?

A

-Myosin

51
Q

Where is the Extracellular Matrix found?

A

-It is found outside the cell

52
Q

What is the Extracellular Matrix made of?

A

-It is made of proteins & carbohydrates

53
Q

How is the Extracellular Matrix Synthesized?

A

-It is synthesized inside the cells & then secreted by cells & then holds the cells together into tissues

54
Q

What is Fibrous connecting tissue?

A

-They contain a large amount of extracellular matrix w/ few cells
(includes ligaments & tendons)

55
Q

What are Epithelial Cells?

A
  • They are cells that form layers that often line the internal cavities of the body (intestine)
  • They are also separated from the rest of the body via a sheet of extracellular matrix called the Basil Lamina (basement membrane)

BIO 110 (45 decks)

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