EXAM 2 Flashcards
What do Hydroxyl groups & Carbonyl groups have in common?
- They are both POLAR groups
- Molecules with both groups will readily dissolve in water
What is Vanderwal’s Bonding?
- It occurs between all atoms
- And includes an attractive & repulsive component
What kind of Covalent bond will occur between C & N?
-It will be a polar bond
What characteristics do the H bonding in water have?
- It is strong but able to be reversed so that water stays a liquid
- It will also give water a high boiling point compared to molecules of the same size
What does the Hydrophobic Effect cause?
- It leads to an association of nonpolar & another nonpolar group
- It is also responsible for the association of phospholipids into a bilayer
What is an example of a base?
-It is exemplified as an Amino Group
What kind of compound is this?
-It is an acid= Acetic Acid (CH3COOH)
What does the Oxidation State do in terms of the true charge of atoms?
-It overestimates the true charge of an atom
What would be an example of an Oxidation Reaction?
-The burning of gasoline in a car engine
What are the key characteristics of Dehydration Synthesis of polymers?
- It requires the cell to use energy
- And it involves the loss of a water molecule when 2 monomers combine
What are the key characteristics of DNA?
- It is made from Nucleotides that have H groups attached to the 2’ carbon
- It is also double-stranded w/ hydrogen bonds connecting strand 1 to strand 2
A hemoglobin protein contains 4 polypeptide chains, what is true about hemoglobin?
-Each polypeptide chain is a covalent polymer of amino acids made by dehydration synthesis
What are the key characteristics of the major acid in the course?
- It is a Carboxylic acid
- And it has a neutral charge at low pH
What is the role of Protein Folding?
- It is necessary for a protein to do its function
- And it is the result of the hydrophobic effect
What are the key characteristics of triglycerides found in soybean seeds that make soybean oil?
- They are liquid at room temperature
- And they are a form of long-term energy storage for the plant to provide energy for the next generation
What kind of a polymer is Glycogen? (complex carb)
-It is a branched polymer
What kind of bonds are used by Amino Acids in Nucleotides?
-Phosphodiester bonds
What type of molecules does a big mac contain?
- It contains 3 polymers of glucose= Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose
- It also contains triglycerides
What is it called when 2 polypeptides have similar but not identical sequences?
-They are the same protein but from different species (human insulin vs pig insulin)
What are the key characteristics of the Nuclear Envelope?
- It consists of 2 lipid bilayers
- It also contains nuclear pores that allow for regulated flow of material between the nucleus & cytoplasm
What are the key characteristics of Nuclear Pores?
- They cross through the inner & outer membrane of the nuclear envelope
- And it is the site where RNA passes through the cytoplasm
What is true about Euchromatins?
-They include DNA that is actively being transcribed
What is NOT TRUE about Protein Synthesis?
-It is not true that protein synthesis includes catalysis of ester bond formation by the protein component of the ribosome
What are the properties of the rough ER?
- It is the site for ribosomes making proteins for secretion for other organelles & other membranes
- It is also a site for glycosylation of proteins made by ribosomes on the rough ER
What are the forms of Prokaryotic cells?
- They include bacteria & archea
- They are also dominant forms of life on earth in terms of numbers, mass, & diversity
What is the order of the steps for the Secretory Pathways for proteins?
-RER, transport vesicle, cis golgi, trans golgi, secretory vesicle
What is the role of the Smooth ER?
-It is the site of phospholipid synthesis
What happens to the proteins destined for membranes?
- They have part of their sequence located in the lumen of the RER after synthesis
- And they pass through the golgi during the pathway to their final destination
