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BIO 110 > Energy & metabolism > Flashcards

Energy & metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

How is energy from sunlight stored?

A

-Stored as potential energy in covalent bonds between atoms in the sugar molecules

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2
Q

How is the strength of the covalent bond measured?

A

-By the amount of energy that’s required to break it

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3
Q

What happens to the energy stored in chemical bonds during a chemical reaction?

A

-The energy is used to make new bonds

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4
Q

What is it called when an atom LOSES an electron?

A

-Oxidation bc oxygen is the most common electron receptor in biological systems

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5
Q

What is called when an atom GAINS an electron?

A

-Reduction= the reduced form of a molecule has HIGHER energy that oxidation form

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6
Q

What are Redox Reactions?

A
  • When oxidation & reduction take place together

- Play a key role in the flow of energy in biological systems

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7
Q

What is Energy defined as?

A

-The ability to do work

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8
Q

What does the First Law of Thermodynamics state?

A
  • Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, it can ONLY change from one form to another
  • The total amount of energy in the world remains constant
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9
Q

What is Heat?

A
  • Energy that dissipates into the environment

- A Measure of the random motion of molecules

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10
Q

How does Energy flow in the biological world?

A

-In one one direction w/ new energy from the sun constantly entering the system to replace the energy that’s been dissipated into heat

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11
Q

What is a heat gradient?

A

-The temperature difference between 2 areas

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12
Q

How can heat be harnessed to do work?

A
  • ONLY when there is a heat gradient present

- But CAN’T work in cells bc they’re too small so cells must rely on chemical reactions for energy

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13
Q

How does the energy available to do work decreases?

A

-It decreases due to the increasing loss of being turned into heat

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14
Q

What is the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics?

A
  • States that disorder (entropy) is constantly increasing= you CAN’T keep all the useful energy which is why perpetual motion is impossible
  • ONLY low to high entropy NEVER high to low entropy
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15
Q

What is Entropy?

A
  • The disorder in the universe

- Low quality, unusable energy

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16
Q

What is Truely High Entropy?

A

-The entropy state would NOT be distinct

think of different paint colors mixing together to create a different color

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17
Q

What is Low Entropy?

A

-The entropy state would be MORE distinct= can see a more clear separation
(can see the green and the blue before making purple)

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18
Q

what are the equations expressing the 1st & 2nd law are limited to?

A

-ONLY applies to ISOLATED systems bc biological systems are open systems

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19
Q

What’s the difference between the 1st & 2nd law regulations?

A
  • The 1st law regulates the AMOUNT of energy

- The 2nd law regulates the DISTRIBUTION of energy & mass

20
Q

What type of energy makes it easier to pull atoms apart?

A

-Heat energy bc it increases atomic motion

21
Q

What influence does Heat vs Chemical bonding have on a molecule?

A
  • Chemical Bonding REDUCES disorder

- Heat INCREASES disorder

22
Q

What is Free Energy?

A
  • High quality & useful energy BUT always being converted into low quality, unusable energy (entropy)
  • Predicts the outcomes of reactions of any systems (open or closed)
23
Q

What is the Equation for free energy (delta G)

A

Delta G= Delta H- TdeltaS

24
Q

Using the Free energy equation, What does it mean when Delta G is Positive?

A
  • The products have MORE free energy than reactants=Endergonic
  • NOT spontaneous bc they require an INPUT of energy
25
Using the Free Energy equation, what does it mean when Delta G is negative?
-Spontaneous reaction= Exergonic
26
Because chemical reactions are reversible, an Exergonix reaction will be.....
-Endergonic in reverse
27
What role doe the Equilibrium Constant play when thinking about free energy changes?
- An Exergonic reaction has an equilibrium FAVORING the PRODUCTS - An Endergonic reaction has an equilibrium FAVORING the REACTANTS
28
What must happen BEFORE new chemical bonds can form?
-Existing bonds MUST be broken which requires an energy input
29
What is Activation energy?
-The extra energy needed to stabilize existing chemical bonds & initiate a chemical reaction
30
What does the rate of an Exergonic reaction depend on?
-Activation energy required for reaction to begin
31
Reactions with larger activation energies....
-Tend to proceed SLOWER bc fewer molecules succeed getting over the initial energy hurdle
32
What are 3 ways to increase the rate of reactions?
- Increasing the energy of reacting molecules - Lowering activation energy - Use a catalyst to lower the activation energy
33
What's the difference between Catalysis & a Catalyst?
- Catalysis is the process of influencing chemical bonds in a way that lowers the activation energy needed to initiate a reaction - A Catalyst is the substance that gets this process done
34
How does a Catalyst work?
- They exert their action by affecting an intermediate stage in the reaction= Transition stage - Then they stabilize this= lowers activation energy - They DO NOT violate the laws of thermodynamics
35
What is the direction of a chemical reaction determined by?
-SOLEY by the difference in free energy between reactancts & products
36
What is the chief currency of energy?
-ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
37
What is ATP used for?
- Building blocks for RNA molecules | - Drive endergonic processes bc it can provide most of the energy a cell needs
38
What 3 components make up ATP?
- 5 carbon sugar (ribose)= framework for the other 2 subunits to attach to - 2 nitrogen carbon rings = weakly attracted to hydrogen ions= weak base - 3 phosphates
39
How does ATP store energy & how does it get transferred to another molecule?
- Key lies in the phosphate groups bc they're super negatively charged= have low activation energy & easily broken by hydrolysis - The hydrolysis of the outermost high energy bond of ATP results in negative delta G which is energy that's able to produce work= AD plus inorganic Pi - The liberated phosphate group then temporarily attaches to an immidiate molecule
40
What makes ATP a poor long term energy storage molecule?
-the inability of its phosphate bonds
41
How do cells use ATP cyclically?
- Since cells only have seconds worth of ATP - Cells use Exergonic reactions to provide energy to synthesize ATP from ADP+ Pi - Then they use hydolysis of ATP to provide energy to drive Endogernic processes
42
How does the shape of an Enzyme help lower the activation energy of reactions?
- Since it's a 3D shape, it can stabilize a temporary association between substrates - By bringing 2 substrates together in the correct orientation or stressing chemical specific bonds, it lowers the activation energy required for new bonds to form - Enzymes can be reused & only a small amount is needed it won't be changed/consumed
43
What do the Enzymes of a cell determine by facilitating specific chemical reactions?
-Can determine the course of metabolism (collection of all chemical reactions in a cell)
44
What are Enzymes?
- 3D globular proteins w/ one or more pockets= active sites | - Since they're not ridgid they can induce a better fit when the subtrate comes into the active sites
45
What is Enzyme-Substrate Complex?
-Substrates binding to the enzyme at their active sites (pockets)
46
What are the 5 steps for Catalysis to occur within the Enzyme-Substrate Complex?
- Substrate molecule must first fit into the active site - Then amino acid side groups of the enzyme end up very close to certain bonds of substrate - The amino acid side group interact chemically w/ substrate by stressing or distorting specific bond to lower activation energy needed to break it - After bonds are broken/ new bonds form, substrates are converted into products - Then these products dissociate from the enzyme

BIO 110 (45 decks)

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