Carbon: (CH 3.1) Flashcards
How many covalent bonds can Carbon have & how does that effect molecules that contain carbon?
- 4
- Molecules can form straight chains, branches, rings, balls, coils
What are molecules consisting of ONLY carbon & hydrogen called?
- Hydrocarbons
- Nonpolar (bc the electrons in the C-H bond have similar electronegativities)
- Great for fuel (gas, propane)
What is the relationship between C-C bonds & C-H bonds?
-Since both Carbon & hydrogen atoms have similar electronegativities, The electrons in the bond are EVENLY distributed throughout which results in a NON POLAR compound IF it is ONLY made of C-C bonds or C-H bonds
What are Functional Groups?
- They’re molecules that are most likely produced by biological cells
- Frequently exhibit partial positive charge or partial negative charge which makes them POLAR
- Act as units during chemical reactions
- Give specific properties to the molecule that has them
What are the 7 Primary Functional Groups?
- Hydroxyl (polar)
- Carbonyl (polar)
- Carboxyl (acidic)
- Amino (Basic) -Sulfhydryl
- Phosphate -Methyl
Where is the Hydroxyl functional group found?
-Carbohydrates -Proteins -Nucleic Acids -Lipids
Where is the Carbonyl functional group found?
-Carbohydrates -Nucleic Acids
Where is the Carboxyl functional group found?
- Proteins
- Lipids
Where is the Amino functional group found?
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acids
Where is the Sulfhydryl functional group found?
-Proteins
Where is the Phosphate functional group found?
-Nucleic Acids
Where is the Methyl functional group found?
-Proteins
How can Hydrogen Donors & Hydrogen Acceptors be predicted?
- On their electronegativities
- Electronegativity INCREASES from left to right across periodic table & DECREASES down the column
What are Isomers?
-Organic molecules of the same molecular or emperical formula
What are Strucutral Isomers?
-Organic moleules of the same molecular or emperical formula but have DIFFERENCES between their CARBON SKELETON (glucose & fructose being S.I from the original C6 H12 O6
What are Stereoisomers?
-Have same carbon skeleton but differ in how the groups are arranged
What are Enantiomers?
- Subcategory of stereoisomers
- Are actually mirror images of each other
What are Chiral Molecules?
-Molecules that have mirror-image versions -Occrs when Carbon is bound to 4 different molecules= asymmetry
What are the characteristics of Chiral Compounds?
- They have an effect on polarized light
- So since polarized light has a single plane, the chiral molecules will rotate this plane to the right (dextro) or left (levo)
What are the 2 forms of Chiral Compounds?
- D= Dextrototary
- L= Levorototary
What are the 4 major biological Macromolecules?
- Carbohydrate
- Nucleic Acid
- Protein
- Lipids
What is the order of formation for a Carbohydrate?
Monosaccharides—>Starch—> starch grains in chloroplast structure
What is the order for Nucleic Acids?
Nucleotide—>DNA strand—> cellular structure of a chromosome
What is the order for a Protein?
Amino acids—>polypeptides—> intermediate filament
