Carbon: (CH 3.1) Flashcards
How many covalent bonds can Carbon have & how does that effect molecules that contain carbon?
- 4
- Molecules can form straight chains, branches, rings, balls, coils
What are molecules consisting of ONLY carbon & hydrogen called?
- Hydrocarbons
- Nonpolar (bc the electrons in the C-H bond have similar electronegativities)
- Great for fuel (gas, propane)
What is the relationship between C-C bonds & C-H bonds?
-Since both Carbon & hydrogen atoms have similar electronegativities, The electrons in the bond are EVENLY distributed throughout which results in a NON POLAR compound IF it is ONLY made of C-C bonds or C-H bonds
What are Functional Groups?
- They’re molecules that are most likely produced by biological cells
- Frequently exhibit partial positive charge or partial negative charge which makes them POLAR
- Act as units during chemical reactions
- Give specific properties to the molecule that has them
What are the 7 Primary Functional Groups?
- Hydroxyl (polar)
- Carbonyl (polar)
- Carboxyl (acidic)
- Amino (Basic) -Sulfhydryl
- Phosphate -Methyl
Where is the Hydroxyl functional group found?
-Carbohydrates -Proteins -Nucleic Acids -Lipids
Where is the Carbonyl functional group found?
-Carbohydrates -Nucleic Acids
Where is the Carboxyl functional group found?
- Proteins
- Lipids
Where is the Amino functional group found?
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acids
Where is the Sulfhydryl functional group found?
-Proteins
Where is the Phosphate functional group found?
-Nucleic Acids
Where is the Methyl functional group found?
-Proteins
How can Hydrogen Donors & Hydrogen Acceptors be predicted?
- On their electronegativities
- Electronegativity INCREASES from left to right across periodic table & DECREASES down the column
What are Isomers?
-Organic molecules of the same molecular or emperical formula
What are Strucutral Isomers?
-Organic moleules of the same molecular or emperical formula but have DIFFERENCES between their CARBON SKELETON (glucose & fructose being S.I from the original C6 H12 O6
What are Stereoisomers?
-Have same carbon skeleton but differ in how the groups are arranged
What are Enantiomers?
- Subcategory of stereoisomers
- Are actually mirror images of each other
What are Chiral Molecules?
-Molecules that have mirror-image versions -Occrs when Carbon is bound to 4 different molecules= asymmetry
What are the characteristics of Chiral Compounds?
- They have an effect on polarized light
- So since polarized light has a single plane, the chiral molecules will rotate this plane to the right (dextro) or left (levo)
What are the 2 forms of Chiral Compounds?
- D= Dextrototary
- L= Levorototary
What are the 4 major biological Macromolecules?
- Carbohydrate
- Nucleic Acid
- Protein
- Lipids
What is the order of formation for a Carbohydrate?
Monosaccharides—>Starch—> starch grains in chloroplast structure
What is the order for Nucleic Acids?
Nucleotide—>DNA strand—> cellular structure of a chromosome
What is the order for a Protein?
Amino acids—>polypeptides—> intermediate filament
What is the order to form lipids? (Exception to the monomer-polymer relationship)
-Fatty acids—> triglycerides
What is the relationship between Monomers & Polymers?
- Monomers are linked together to build a long chain by Dehydration & Hydrolysis reactions= Polymer
- The nature of the Polymer is is determined by Monomers built to make the Polymer
How does Dehydration Reaction occur?
- AKA Condensation, Making macromolecule
- An -OH group from one monomer & a H atoms removed from another
- A water molecule is released for every covalent bond that is FORMED between subunits
How does Hydrolisis Reaction occur?
- An H atom is attached to one unit while the
- OH group is attached to another to BREAK the covalent bond that was joining the subunits
What Functional group is this?
Carboxyl
What functional group is this?
Carbonyl
What Functional group is this?
Amino
What functional group is this?
Methyl
What Functional group is this?
Phosphate
What functional group is this?
Sulfhydryl
