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BIO 110 > Carbon: (CH 3.1) > Flashcards

Carbon: (CH 3.1) Flashcards

1
Q

How many covalent bonds can Carbon have & how does that effect molecules that contain carbon?

A
  • 4
  • Molecules can form straight chains, branches, rings, balls, coils
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2
Q

What are molecules consisting of ONLY carbon & hydrogen called?

A
  • Hydrocarbons
  • Nonpolar (bc the electrons in the C-H bond have similar electronegativities)
  • Great for fuel (gas, propane)
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3
Q

What is the relationship between C-C bonds & C-H bonds?

A

-Since both Carbon & hydrogen atoms have similar electronegativities, The electrons in the bond are EVENLY distributed throughout which results in a NON POLAR compound IF it is ONLY made of C-C bonds or C-H bonds

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4
Q

What are Functional Groups?

A
  • They’re molecules that are most likely produced by biological cells
  • Frequently exhibit partial positive charge or partial negative charge which makes them POLAR
  • Act as units during chemical reactions
  • Give specific properties to the molecule that has them
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5
Q

What are the 7 Primary Functional Groups?

A
  • Hydroxyl (polar)
  • Carbonyl (polar)
  • Carboxyl (acidic)
  • Amino (Basic) -Sulfhydryl
  • Phosphate -Methyl
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6
Q

Where is the Hydroxyl functional group found?

A

-Carbohydrates -Proteins -Nucleic Acids -Lipids

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7
Q

Where is the Carbonyl functional group found?

A

-Carbohydrates -Nucleic Acids

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8
Q

Where is the Carboxyl functional group found?

A
  • Proteins
  • Lipids
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9
Q

Where is the Amino functional group found?

A
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic Acids
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10
Q

Where is the Sulfhydryl functional group found?

A

-Proteins

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11
Q

Where is the Phosphate functional group found?

A

-Nucleic Acids

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12
Q

Where is the Methyl functional group found?

A

-Proteins

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13
Q

How can Hydrogen Donors & Hydrogen Acceptors be predicted?

A
  • On their electronegativities
  • Electronegativity INCREASES from left to right across periodic table & DECREASES down the column
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14
Q

What are Isomers?

A

-Organic molecules of the same molecular or emperical formula

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15
Q

What are Strucutral Isomers?

A

-Organic moleules of the same molecular or emperical formula but have DIFFERENCES between their CARBON SKELETON (glucose & fructose being S.I from the original C6 H12 O6

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16
Q

What are Stereoisomers?

A

-Have same carbon skeleton but differ in how the groups are arranged

17
Q

What are Enantiomers?

A
  • Subcategory of stereoisomers
  • Are actually mirror images of each other
18
Q

What are Chiral Molecules?

A

-Molecules that have mirror-image versions -Occrs when Carbon is bound to 4 different molecules= asymmetry

19
Q

What are the characteristics of Chiral Compounds?

A
  • They have an effect on polarized light
  • So since polarized light has a single plane, the chiral molecules will rotate this plane to the right (dextro) or left (levo)
20
Q

What are the 2 forms of Chiral Compounds?

A
  • D= Dextrototary
  • L= Levorototary
21
Q

What are the 4 major biological Macromolecules?

A
  • Carbohydrate
  • Nucleic Acid
  • Protein
  • Lipids
22
Q

What is the order of formation for a Carbohydrate?

A

Monosaccharides—>Starch—> starch grains in chloroplast structure

23
Q

What is the order for Nucleic Acids?

A

Nucleotide—>DNA strand—> cellular structure of a chromosome

24
Q

What is the order for a Protein?

A

Amino acids—>polypeptides—> intermediate filament

25
Q

What is the order to form lipids? (Exception to the monomer-polymer relationship)

A

-Fatty acids—> triglycerides

26
Q

What is the relationship between Monomers & Polymers?

A
  • Monomers are linked together to build a long chain by Dehydration & Hydrolysis reactions= Polymer
  • The nature of the Polymer is is determined by Monomers built to make the Polymer
27
Q

How does Dehydration Reaction occur?

A
  • AKA Condensation, Making macromolecule
  • An -OH group from one monomer & a H atoms removed from another
  • A water molecule is released for every covalent bond that is FORMED between subunits
28
Q

How does Hydrolisis Reaction occur?

A
  • An H atom is attached to one unit while the
  • OH group is attached to another to BREAK the covalent bond that was joining the subunits
29
Q

What Functional group is this?

A

Carboxyl

30
Q

What functional group is this?

A

Carbonyl

31
Q

What Functional group is this?

A

Amino

32
Q

What functional group is this?

A

Methyl

33
Q

What Functional group is this?

A

Phosphate

34
Q

What functional group is this?

A

Sulfhydryl

BIO 110 (45 decks)

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