The Respiratory System 2 Flashcards
What is pulmonary ventilation?
The physical movement of air into and out of the lungs
What does the movement of air depend on?
2
Boyle’s Law
Lung compliance
What is Boyle’s Law?
Pressure and volume have aninverse relationship
What is lung compliance?
A measure of the ease at which our lungs can stretch
What are the two phases to each breathe?
Inhalation
Exhalation
What is inhalation also called?
Inspiration
What is inhalation?
Air is pulled into the lungs
What is exhalation?
Air is pushed out of the lungs
What is exhalation also called?
Expiration
What does breathing do?
2
It delivers oxygen to the alveoli
It removes carbon dioxide
What exactly is breathing?
The continuous cycles of inhalation and exhalation
What is respiration rate?
The amount of breaths per minute
What is average respiration rate?
10 to 15 breaths per minute
What controls the movement of inhalation and exhalation?
Movements of the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles
What is a diaphragm?
A sheath of muscle that extends across the bottom of the thoracic cavity
What type of muscle is the diaphragm?
A rectus muscle
Why is the diaphragm considered a rectus muscle?
Due to the skeletal muscle fibres running longitudinally
What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation?
2
The diaphragm contracts and moves down
This causes the volume of the thoracic cavity to increase
What happens when the diaphragm contracts?
The diaphragm moves down
What happens when the diaphragm relaxes?
3
The diaphragm returns to its curved position
This causes the volume of the thoracic cavity to decrease
The pressure in the thoracic cavity then increases
What is a pneumothorax?
When there is a hole in the thoracic cavity which upsets the pressure relationship which could cause the collapse of a lung
What causes a pneumothorax?
When air leaks from inside of the lung to the space between the lung and the chest wall
How do accessory muscles work?
By raising the rib cage
What are the four accessory muscles used in inhalation?
Sternocleidomastoid
Serratus anterior
Pactoralis minor
Scalene muscles
What is the serratus anterior?
3
It attaches to the scapula
It originates on the surface of the upper eight or nine ribs
Elevates the ribs
What does the serratus anterior do?
Elevates the ribs
Where does the serratus anterior attach?
The scapula
What is the pectoralis minor?
3
It attaches to the scapula
It originates from the outer surfaces of third, fourth and fifth rib
It elevates the ribs
Where does the pectoralis minor attach?
To the scapula
What does the pectoralis minor do?
It elevates the ribs
What are the two types of exhalation?
Passive
Active
What does the type of exhalation depend on?
It depends on the level of respiratory activity
When might exhalation be active?
During exercise or disease
What muscles might be involved in active exhalation?
3
Internal intercostals
Transversus thoracis
Abdominal muscles
How do the abdominal muscles aid exhalation?
They compress the abdomen and force the diaphragm upwards
What is the rectus abdominus?
A long flat muscle that extends the length of the abdomen
What does the rectus abdominus do?
It compresses the ribs and the abdomen
What is a respiratory cycle?
A single cycle of inhalation and exhalation
How are respiratory movements classified?
Quiet breathing
Forced breathing
What is tidal volume?
The volume of air moved in one cycle
What is quiet breathing also called?
Eupnoea
What is eupnoea?
Breathing using the diaphragm and external and intercostals muscles
What is hypernoea?
Forced breathing
What is forced breathing?
Breathing using the accessory muscles
What is forced breathing also called?
Hypernoea
What is difficulty breathing also called?
Dyspnoea
What is deep breathing also called?
Diaphragmatic breathing
What is shallow breathing also called?
Costal breathing
