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1. 2 Organ System Physiology > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cardiovascular system composed of?

A

The heart

Blood vessels

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2
Q

What does the CVS move?

4

A

Nutrients

Chemical messages - regulatory hormones

Defence elements

Waste

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3
Q

When does the CVS develop in babies?

A

It is the first system to develop

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4
Q

When does the heart begin to beat?

A

At the end of the third week of embryo stage

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5
Q

What are defence elements?

A

Antibodies

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6
Q

How is the CVS and the lymphatic system linked?

A

The lymphatic system helps drain capillary beds

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7
Q

What is the CVS and lymphatic system together called?

A

The circulatory system

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8
Q

What is the main function of the lymphatic system?

A

It gathers excess fluid

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9
Q

What does the left heart do?

A

It pumps blood to the body cells

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10
Q

What does the right heart do?

A

Pumps blood to the lungs to be oxygenated

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11
Q

What is blood classified as?

A

A specialised connective tissue (fluid connective tissue)

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12
Q

What is the blood composed of?

A

Formed elements suspended in a fluid matrix

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13
Q

What three formed elements are present in blood?

A

RBCs

WBCs

Platelets

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14
Q

What are platelets?

A

Fragments of cells

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15
Q

What are the three parts of a connective tissue?

A

Cells

Matrix

Fibres

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16
Q

What does the colour of blood depend on?

A

The oxygen content

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17
Q

What colour is oxygenated blood?

A

Bright red

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18
Q

What colour is deoxygenated blood?

A

Dark red

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19
Q

What can oxygenated blood also be called?

A

Arterial blood

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20
Q

What can deoxygenated blood also be called?

A

Venous blood

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21
Q

On average what percentage of the binding sites on rbcs contain oxygen in venous blood?

A

70% (reserve of oxygen)

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22
Q

What is the normal temperature range for blood?

A

36.2 degrees to 36.7 degrees

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23
Q

How much more viscous is blood than water?

A

5 times as viscous as water

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24
Q

Blood is very viscous, what affects does this have on the blood?

A

Blood is sticky, cohesive and more difficult to move

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25
Q

What is the normal pH range for blood?

A

7.35 to 7.45

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26
Q

How much blood do females usually have?

A

4-5L

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27
Q

How much blood do males usually have?

A

5-6L

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28
Q

What determines one’s volume of blood?

A

The size of the body

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29
Q

List the five main functions of blood.

A

Transportation

Regulation

Restriction

Defence

Regulation

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30
Q

What does blood transport?

4

A

Dissolved gases

Nutrients

Hormones

Metabolic wastes

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31
Q

What does blood regulate?

A

pH and ion composition of interstitial fluids

32
Q

What does blood restrict?

A

Blood restricts fluid loss at injury sites

33
Q

What is the blood defence function?

A

Blood defends the body against toxins and pathogens - leukocytes in blood - blood carries wbcs to where they are needed

34
Q

What does the blood regulate?

A

Body temperature

35
Q

How does blood regulate temperature?

A

By absorbing and redistributing heat

36
Q

What % of blood cells are rbcs?

A

99%

37
Q

What is a haematocrit?

A

A measure of the fractions of blood

38
Q

How is a haematocrit gotten?

A

Blood is centrifugated and split into three fractions

39
Q

What are the three fractions of a haematocrit?

A

Plasma

Buffy coat

Erythrocytes

40
Q

What makes up the buffy coat?

A

Leukocytes and platelets

41
Q

What % of whole blood is the plasma?

A

55%

42
Q

What % of whole blood is the buffy coat?

A

Less than 1%

43
Q

What % of whole blood are erythrocytes?

A

45%

44
Q

What is plasma?

A

A solution of blood proteins

45
Q

What makes up plasma?

3

A

Water (92%)

Plasma proteins

Solutes

46
Q

What % of plasma is water?

A

92%

47
Q

How does the contents of plasma compare to interstitial fluid?

A

Plasma has higher concentrations of dissolved oxygen and dissolved proteins

48
Q

What are the main roles of rbcs?

A

Transport oxygen gas and carbon dioxide gas

49
Q

What is the main role of wbcs?

A

Defence

50
Q

What is the main role of platelets?

A

Blood clotting

51
Q

What are the most abundant plasma solute?

A

Plasma proteins

52
Q

What are the two main roles of plasma proteins?

A

Give blood its osmotic force

Allow blood to carry lipids and charged ions

53
Q

What occurs if someone does not have enough plasma proteins?

A

Oedema occurs - plasma proteins needed for osmotic pressure

54
Q

Where are plasma proteins produced?

A

The liver

55
Q

How much plasma proteins are produced by the liver per hour?

A

4 grams of plasma proteins

56
Q

What are the three main categories of plasma proteins?

A

Albumins

Globulins

Fibrinogen

57
Q

What % of plasma proteins are albumins?

A

60%

58
Q

What are the main functions of plasma proteins?

A

Transport

Capillary exchange

59
Q

What do albumins transport?

3

A

Fatty acids

Steroid hormones

Thyroid hormone

60
Q

What percentage of plasma proteins are globulins?

A

35%

61
Q

What are the main functions of globulins?

2

A

Involved in immunity

Involved in transport

62
Q

What type of globulins are involved in immunity?

A

Immunoglobulins

63
Q

What type of globulins are involved in transport?

A

Transport globulins

64
Q

Give some examples of transport globulins.

4

A

Hormone-binding proteins

Metalloproteins

Apolipoproteins (lipoproteins; LDL and HDL)

Steroid-binding proteins

65
Q

What percentage of plasma proteins is fibrinogen?

A

4%

66
Q

What is the main function of fibrinogen?

A

Blood clotting

67
Q

Define haematocrit.

A

The % of whole blood occupied by cellular elements

68
Q

What is the average H crit in males?

A

46%

69
Q

What is the average H crit in females?

A

42%

70
Q

Why is there a difference between the H crit of females and males?

A

Due to the loss of blood in females

71
Q

What two factors lower H’crit?

A

Anaemia

Blood haemorrhage

72
Q

What two factors raise H’crit?

A

Blood doping

Dehydration

73
Q

How is H’crit often reported?

2

A

Volume of packed red cell

Packed cell volume (PCV)

74
Q

What is packed cell volume?

A

The % of whole blood occupied by cellular elements

75
Q

What is hemopoiesis?

A

Blood cell formation

76
Q

Where does all blood cell formation take place?

A

It all occurs in the red bone marrow

77
Q

What two stem cells make blood cells?

A

Myeloid stem cells

Lymphoid stem cells (lymphocytes)

1. 2 Organ System Physiology (25 decks)

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