Respiratory System Exam Notes Flashcards
Write a note on the anatomy of the trachea.
3
Extends from the sixth cervical vertebra to the fifth
thoracic vertebra. (C6-T5)
A tough, flexible tube running from the larynx to the bronchi
In the MEDIASTINUM the trachea ends at the CARINA
and branches into the two primary bronchi
Write a note on the histology of the trachea.
3
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells
Held open by C-shaped tracheal cartilages in submucosa
Trachealis muscle present = smooth muscle.
Write a note on the functions of the trachea.
2
Provide a clear airway for air to enter and exit the lungs.
The epithelium lining the trachea produces mucus that traps dust and other contaminants and prevents it from reaching the lungs.
Write a note on the anatomy of the lung.
6
2 lungs
Left lung has two lobes
Right lung has three lobes
Lobes of the lung are separated by fissures.
Each lobe is a sealed unit.
Hilum = area of lung where all blood vessels, nerves and the bronchi enter/leave
the lung
Write a note on the anatomy of the Bronchi.
3
Trachea branches at the carina into two tubes = right and left bronchi.
Bronchi enter the lungs at the hilum of each lung
Branch into secondary bronchus which supplies air to each lobe of the lung and branches into tertiary bronchi
Write a note on the histology of the bronchi.
5
Lumen – airflow
Epithelium – ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells
Smooth muscle layer – bronchodilation to allow airflow, bronchoconstriction to decrease airflow
Submucosal glands – produce secretions
Cartilage – protects bronchus, helps keep it open
Write a note on the functions of bronchi.
3
Carry air to and from your lungs
Help moisten the air you breathe
Help screen out foreign particles
Write a note on the anatomy of the bronchiole.
4
Airways with a diameter of less than 1mm
Three types:
-small bronchiole
-terminal bronchiole (last airway without alveoli)
-respiratory bronchiole (first airway with alveoli)
Write a GENERAL note on the histology of the bronchiole (points relevant to all three types).
(3)
Lack cartilage
Have smooth muscle
Different types of cuboidal epithelium (e,g. tall, simple, ciliated)
Write a note on the histology of a small bronchiole.
4
Lumen
Ciliated tall cuboidal epithelium
Band of smooth muscle
Some supporting connective tissue around the edge
Write a note on the histology of a respiratory bronchiole.
2
Simple cuboidal epithelium with alveoli interspersed amongst
Gives rise to alveolar ducts (tubes consisting of side-by-side alveoli which give rise to alveolar sacs - dead ends consisting of nothing but alveoli)
Write a note on the anatomy of the alveolar region.
5
Acinar region
Parenchymal region
Respiratory exchange surfaces (alveoli walls) are connected to circulatory system via pulmonary circuit
Alveolar wall - must be thin - contains pulmonary capillaries
Alveolar airspace - must remain open
Write a note on the histology of the alveoli walls
5
Simple squamous epithelium - type 1 cells - structure to wall - transport and removal of fluid via pumps - cannot divide when damaged
Endothelial cells found in pulmonary capillaries in walls
Fused basal laminae between alveoli for efficient gas diffusion
Type 2 cells - produce surfactant - keep alveoli open - reduce surface tension - twice as abundant as type 1 - replace type 1
Alveolar macrophages - engulf foreign particles
Write a note on the diaphragm
4
A sheath of muscle that extends across the bottom of the thoracic cavity
A rectus muscle - skeletal muscle fibres running longitudinally
Contracts and moves down during inhalation which causes the volume of the thoracic cavity to increase which pulls air into the lung
Relaxes and returns to its curved position during exhalation which causes the volume of the thoracic cavity to decrease which pushes air out of the lung
Write a note on the rectus abdominus.
3
Long flat muscle
extending the length of the abdomen
Compresses the ribs
and abdomen
It plays a role in respiration in the event of shortness of breath
