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1. 2 Organ System Physiology > Renal and Urinary Physiology 1 > Flashcards

Renal and Urinary Physiology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the urinary system?

4

A

The kidneys

The ureters

The urinary bladder

The urethra

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2
Q

What is the main function of the kidneys?

A

Produce urine

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3
Q

What are the units of the kidney?

A

The nephrons

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4
Q

What is the main function of the bladder?

A

Storage of urine

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5
Q

What are the two main functions of the renal system?

A

Excretion

Elimination

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6
Q

What is excretion?

A

The removal of organic waste products from body fluids

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7
Q

What is elimination?

A

The discharge of waste products into the environment

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8
Q

List the functions of the renal system.

8

A

Homeostatic regulation of blood plasma

Regulating blood volume and pressure

Regulating plasma ion
concentrations

Stabilizing blood pH

Conserving nutrients

Metabolism of vitamin D.

Production of Renin.

Production of EPO

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9
Q

List some products of the renal system.

2

A

Renin

EPO

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10
Q

What is the renal system responsible for regulating?

4

A

Blood plasma

Blood volume and pressure

Plasma ion concentrations

Blood pH

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11
Q

What is the renal system responsible for metabolising?

A

Vitamin D

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12
Q

What does the renal system conserve?

A

Nutrients

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13
Q

What does renin stimulate?

A

Angiotensin

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14
Q

What are ureters and urethra?

A

Flexible tubes

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15
Q

What is EPO?

A

Erythropoietin

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16
Q

Which kidney is higher than the other?

A

Left is higher than right

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17
Q

What is the entry/exit point of the kidney?

A

The hilum of kidney

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18
Q

What enters the kidney at the hilum?

2

A

Renal artery

Renal nerves

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19
Q

What exits the kidney at the hilum?

2

A

Renal veins

Ureter

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20
Q

What are the three distinct regions of the kidney?

A

Cortex

Medulla

Pelvis

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21
Q

How do you identify the cortex?

A

The outermost pale region

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22
Q

What begins in the cortex?

A

All nephrons begin in the cortex

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23
Q

What area is damaged first in kidney disease?

A

The cortex

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24
Q

How do you identify the medulla?

2

A

Middle part of kidney

Contains renal pyramids

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25
Q

How many renal pyramids are in each kidney?

A

6-8 depending on size of kidney

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26
Q

How do you identify the renal pelvis?

A

White inner region of kidney

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27
Q

Why is the renal pelvis white?

A

Contains collagen

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28
Q

What is the function of the renal pelvis?

A

Collects urine

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29
Q

What surrounds the kidney?

A

A smooth capsule

30
Q

What does it mean if the capsule is bumpy?

A

Kidney is diseased

31
Q

What is the renal pelvis also called?

A

Calyces

32
Q

List the pieces of the nephron

6

A

Renal corpuscle

Renal tubule

Proximal convoluted tubule

Loop of Henle

Distal convoluted tubule

Collecting system

33
Q

What is the function of the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Reabsorption

34
Q

List the two parts of the loop of Henle.

A

Descending limb

Ascending limb

35
Q

What are the two functions of the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Actively secretes ions, toxins, drugs

Reabsorbs sodium ions from tubular fluid

36
Q

What does the DCT secrete?

3

A

Ions

Toxins

Drugs

37
Q

What is the function of the collecting system?

A

Reabsorption

38
Q

What are the two types of nephrons?

A

Cortical nephrons

Juxta-medullary nephrons

39
Q

What are the cortical nephrons?

2

A

85% of all nephrons

Located in the cortex

40
Q

Where are the juxta-medullary nephrons found?

A

Closer to renal medulla

41
Q

Where do the loops of Henle extend?

A

Deep into renal pyramids

42
Q

How many nephrons are found in each kidney?

A

About a million

43
Q

What happens in the nephrons?

A

Blood is filtered

44
Q

Where in the nephrons is the blood filtered?

A

In capillaries known as glomeruli

45
Q

What happens to the filtrate as it moves through the nephrons?

A

The filtrate is modified and turned into urine

46
Q

What runs alongside the peri-tubular capillaries?

A

Renal tubules

47
Q

Why do renal tubules run alongside peri-tubular capillaries?

A

So exchange may take place between the two

48
Q

Where does the renal tubule begin?

A

It begins at the renal corpuscle

49
Q

What does the renal corpuscle include?

2

A

Bowman’s capsule

Glomerulus

50
Q

How does blood leave the nephron?

A

Via the efferent arteriole

51
Q

What does the filtration membrane consist of?

3

A

Glomerular capillary endothelium

Visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule

The loose connective tissue between the two

52
Q

What are the cells of the visceral layer of the Bowman’s capsule called?

A

Podocytes

53
Q

What is not filtered from the filtration membrane?

2

A

Formed elements

Plasma proteins larger than albumin

54
Q

From where do the glomerular capillaries receive blood?

A

An afferent arteriole

55
Q

To where do the glomerular capillaries empty?

A

An efferent arteriole

56
Q

What are the sites of filtration?

A

The glomerular capillaries

57
Q

When exactly does filtration occur?

A

Filtration occurs as fluid move across the glomerulus

58
Q

List the things that happen to blood in order.

4

A

Blood is filtered in glomerulus

Blood enters the nephron

Blood becomes filtrate

60% of filtrate is reabsorbed by PCT

59
Q

What happens when the glomerular filtration rate is distrurbed?

A

The Renin-Angiotensin system is activated

60
Q

Give two reasons why glomerular filtration rate would decrease.

A

Drop in blood pressure

Drop in blood flow to the kidney

61
Q

What happens when the renin-angiotensin system is activated?

A

This restores blood flow to the kidney and restores filtration

62
Q

What is the renin-angiotensin pathway? (4)

A

Decreased filtration ->

renin produced by juxtaglomerular apparatus ->

Angiotensin I formed ->

Activation to form angiotensin II ->

63
Q

What six things happen when angiotensin II is formed?

A

Efferent arterioles are constricted

Adrenal glands increase aldosterone secretion

Increased vasoconstriction

CNS increases ADH production, sympathetic motor tone and stimulation of thirst centres

64
Q

What three things does the CNS increase when angiotensin II is formed?

A

ADH production

Sympathetic motor tone

Stimulation of thirst centres

65
Q

What are the two end results of the renin angiotensin pathway?

A

Blood pressure is raised

Increased fluid volume and therefore blood flow

66
Q

Where is the filtrate produced?

A

The glomerulus

67
Q

Where does the vast bulk of reabsorption occur?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

68
Q

Describe the filtrate produced by the glomerulus.

A

Similar to plasma without the proteins

69
Q

What three things are mainly absorbed by the PCT?

A

Organic nutrients

Sodium

Water

70
Q

Other than absorption, what happens in the PCT?

A

Secretion

71
Q

What is the primary chemical that drives most reabsorption?

A

Sodium

72
Q

Describe the sodium concentration gradient

3

A

Normally high in the lumen of the PCT

Low inside the cells lining the PCT

=> sodium diffuses out of the lumen and into the cytoplasm of the cells

1. 2 Organ System Physiology (25 decks)

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