Renal and Urinary Physiology 3

Question 1

What happens when urine production ends?

Answer 1

Fluids enter the renal pelvis

Question 2

What are the ureters?

6

Answer 2

A pair of muscular tubes

Extend from kidneys to urinary bladder

Begin at renal pelvis

Penetrate the posterior wall of the urinary bladder

Pass through bladder wall at oblique angle

Ureteral openings are slit-like rather than rounded

Question 3

Why are the ureteral openings slit like and not rounded?

Answer 3

It helps prevent the backflow of urine when the urinary bladder contracts

Question 4

What makes up the histology of the ureter?

3

Answer 4

Inner mucosa

Middle muscular layer

Outer connective tissue layer

Question 5

What makes up the inner mucosa?

2

Answer 5

Transitional epithelium

Lamina propria

Question 6

What makes up the middle muscular layer?

2

Answer 6

Longitudinal smooth muscle

Circular bands of smooth muscle

Question 7

What moves urine towards the bladder?

Answer 7

Peristaltic contractions

Question 8

Describe peristaltic contractions that move urine

4

Answer 8

Begin at renal pelvis

Sweep along ureter

Force urine toward urinary bladder

Every 30 seconds

Question 9

What is the urinary bladder?

3

Answer 9

A hollow, muscular organ

Functions as temporary reservoir for urine storage

Can contain 1 litre of urine when full

Question 10

What stabilises the bladder?

Answer 10

Several peritoneal folds

Question 11

What anchors the urinary bladder to pelvic and pubic bones?

Answer 11

Ligamentous bands

Question 12

What do the ligamentous bands do?

Answer 12

They anchor the urinary bladder to the pelvic and pubic bones

Question 13

What are the folds in the bladder called?

Answer 13

Rugae

Question 14

What is the trigone?

2

Answer 14

The triangular area of the bladder

It acts as a funnel

Question 15

What is the neck of the bladder?

2

Answer 15

The region surrounding the urethral opening

It contains a muscular internal urethral sphincter

Question 16

What does the internal urethral sphincter do?

Answer 16

It provides involuntary control of urine discharge

Question 17

What provides involuntary control of urinary discharge?

Answer 17

Smooth muscle fibres

Question 18

What is the bladder histology made of?

3

Answer 18

Mucosa

Submucosa

Muscularis layers

Question 19

What is the mucosa of the bladder made of?

Answer 19

Transitional epithelium

Question 20

What is the muscularis layer made of?

2

Answer 20

Detrusor muscle

Inner and outer layers of longitudinal smooth muscle with a circular layer in between

Question 21

From where does the urethra extend?

Answer 21

It extends from the neck of urinary bladder to the exterior of the body

Question 22

What is the external urethral sphincter?

6

Answer 22

A circular band of skeletal muscle

Acts as a valve

Its under voluntary control

Has resting muscle tone

Voluntary relaxation permits micturition

Question 23

Write a note on the histology of the urethra.

Answer 23

Lamina propria

Mucous membrane

Mucin-secreting cells

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 24

Describe the lamina propria of the urethra.

Answer 24

Thick and elastic

Question 25

Describe the mucous membrane of the uretha.

Answer 25

Has longitudinal folds

Question 26

Where are the mucin-secreting cells of the urethra found?

Answer 26

They lie in epithelial pockets

Question 27

How does the urinary system change with aging?

4

Answer 27

The number of functional nephrons declines

Glomerular filtration rate is reduced

Reduced sensitivity to antidiuretic hormone

Problems with the micturition reflex