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1. 2 Organ System Physiology > The Respiratory System 1 > Flashcards

The Respiratory System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five main functions of the respiratory system?

A

Pulmonary ventilation

Gas exchange

Protection of respiratory surfaces

Production of sound

Smell

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2
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

Moving air from the exchange surface of the lungs

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3
Q

Where does gas exchange happen?

A

In the alveoli (acinar tissue of the lung)

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4
Q

Why do respiratory surfaces need to be protected?

A

To prevent infection

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5
Q

How is sound produced?

A

Movement of air across larynx during breathing produces sound

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6
Q

What is the scientific name for smell?

A

Olfaction

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7
Q

What two parts is the respiratory system organised into?

A

Upper respiratory system

Lower respiratory system

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8
Q

What makes up the upper respiratory system?

4

A

Nose

Nasal cavity

Sinuses

Pharynx (back of the mouth)

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9
Q

What makes up the lower respiratory system?

5

A

Larynx

Trachea

Bronchi

Bronchioles

alveoli

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10
Q

What are the two zones of the respiratory system?

A

Conducting zone

Respiratory zone

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11
Q

What is the conducting zone of the respiratory system?

A

Where gases are transported

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12
Q

What is the respiratory zone of the respiratory system?

A

Where gases are exchanged

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13
Q

What structures make up the conducting zone?

8

A

Nose and nasal cavity

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx

Larynx

Trachea

Bronchi

All bronchioles except respiratory bronchioles

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14
Q

What are the functions of the conducting zone?

4

A

Transport

Filtering

Humidifying

Warming

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15
Q

What makes up the upper respiratory passages?

2

A

Nose

Pharynx

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16
Q

What does the upper respiratory passages do?

A

They filter and humidify incoming air

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17
Q

What make up the conducting passageways?

3

A

Trachea

Bronchi

Large bronchioles

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18
Q

What are the functions of the conducting passageways?

A

They carry air to and from the alveoli

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19
Q

What make up the lower passageways?

2

A

Small bronchioles

Alveoli

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20
Q

What are the main characteristics of the lower passageways?

A

They have delicate passages and surfaces

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21
Q

What is the respiratory mucosa?

A

Respiratory epithelium and underlying connective tissue

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22
Q

What happens to the respiratory mucosa as you move along the tract?

A

The mucosa changes

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23
Q

Where is respiratory mucosa found?

A

It lines the conducting portion of the respiratory tract

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24
Q

What protects the respiratory mucosa?

A

A respiratory defence system

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25
Q

How is the respiratory mucosa protected?

3

A

It produces mucus (Goblet cells)

Macrophages patrol the epithelium

Cilia move mucous up and out of the respiratory tract

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26
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the trachea?

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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27
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the large bronchi?

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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28
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the bronchioles?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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29
Q

What three things does the nose do to the air?

A

Filters air

Warms air

Provides moisture to air

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30
Q

What is the main function of the mucous in the trachea?

2

A

It captures things in air like dust and microorganisms

This is swept out by cilia and passed up and into digestive system

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31
Q

Why can you not see goblet cells on a slide?

A

Goblet cells contain lipids which melt when paraffin embedding tissues in the lab

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32
Q

What is the end of the trachea called?

A

The carina

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33
Q

From where does the trachea extend?

A

From the sixth cervical vertebra to the fifth thoracic vertebra

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34
Q

What is the trachea?

A

A tough, flexible tube running from the larynx to the bronchi

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35
Q

Where is the carina located?

A

In the mediastinum

36
Q

What holds open the trachea?

A

C shaped tracheal cartilage found in the submucosa

37
Q

What type of muscle is found in trachea?

A

Trachealis muscle which is smooth muscle

38
Q

What separates the lobes of the lungs?

A

Fissures

39
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A

Three lobes

40
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have?

A

Two lobes

41
Q

Name the two bronchi

A

Right and left primary bronchi

42
Q

Where do the bronchi enter the lung?

A

They enter at the hilum of the lung

43
Q

What is the hilum of the lung?

A

Area of lung where all blood vessels, nerves and the bronchi enter/leave the lung

44
Q

List the five parts of the bronchus.

A

Lumen

Epithelium

Smooth muscle layer

Submucosal glands

Cartilage

45
Q

What is the function of a bronchus’ lumen?

A

Air flows through here

46
Q

What is the function of the bronchus’ smooth muscle layer?

A

Broncho-dilation and broncho-constriction (controls how much air flows through lumen)

47
Q

What is the function of the bronchus’ submucosal glands?

A

Produce secretions

48
Q

What is the function of the bronchus’ cartilage?

A

Protects the bronchus and helps keep it open

49
Q

What is the bronchial tree?

A

A system of tubes formed from the primary bronchi and their branches

50
Q

What does the primary bronchi branch into?

A

The secondary bronchus

51
Q

What do the secondary bronchi branch into?

A

Tertiary bronchi

52
Q

What do the secondary bronchi supple air to?

A

Each lobe of the lungs

53
Q

What do the tertiary bronchi supply air to?

A

A single broncho-pulmonary segment

54
Q

What are the three types of bronchioles?

A

Small bronchioles

Terminal bronchioles

Respiratory bronchioles

55
Q

What are terminal bronchioles?

A

The last airways without alveoli

56
Q

What are respiratory bronchioles?

A

The first airways with alveoli (part of respiratory zone)

57
Q

Do bronchioles have cartilage?

A

No

58
Q

Do bronchioles have muscle?

A

Yes, smooth muscle

59
Q

What type of epithelia do small bronchioles have?

A

Short columnar/tall cuboidal epithelium usually ciliated

60
Q

What is found around the edge of a small bronchiole?

A

Some supporting connective tissue

61
Q

What two things make up the exchange zone?

A

Respiratory bronchioles

Alveolar ducts

62
Q

Write a note on respiratory bronchioles.

3

A

Mark beginning of exchange zone

Have alveoli interspersed amongst simple cuboidal epithelium

Give rise to alveolar ducts

63
Q

Write a note on alveolar ducts.

2

A

Tubes consisting of side-by-side alveoli

Give rise to alveolar sacs

64
Q

What are two other names for the alveolar region?

A

Acinar region

Parenchymal region

65
Q

What is the main role of the alveolar region?

A

Gas exchange

66
Q

What is the secondary role of the alveolar region?

A

Supporting other structures such as airways in the lungs

67
Q

What is the role of parenchymal tissue in any organ?

A

Support

68
Q

What are alveolar ducts?

A

Tube-like structures that end in alveolar sacs

69
Q

What do alveoli consist of?

2

A

Alveolar wall

Alveolar airspace

70
Q

What are alveolar walls also called?

A

Respiratory exchange surfaces

71
Q

What are the alveolar walls connected to?

2

A

Circulatory system via pulmonary circuit

pulmonary capillaries inside the wall

72
Q

What are the alveolar walls made of?

3

A

Simple squamous epithelium

Endothelial cells

A fused basal laminae between alveoli (common walls for efficient gas diffusion)

Septal cells

Alveolar macrophages

73
Q

Give three different names for the epithelia of alveolar walls.

A

Type 1 alveolar cell

Type 1 septal cell

Type 1 pneumocyte

74
Q

What is the function of the alveoli epithelia?

A

Provides structure to the wall

75
Q

Where are the endothelial cells of alveoli found?

A

Found lining the capillaries

76
Q

Why do alveoli have common walls?

A

For efficient gas diffsusion

77
Q

What are two other names for septal cells?

A

Type 2 pneumocyte

Type 2 alveolar cell

Type 2 septal cell

78
Q

How does the appearance of a type 2 cell differ from a type 1?

A

Type 2 is more rounded than 1

Type 2 is also twice as abundant

79
Q

What is the main function of type 2 cells?

A

They produce surfactant which keeps the alveoli open during breathing and reduces surface tension (stops sticking)

80
Q

What is the secondary function of type 2 cells?

A

They can replace type 1 cells when they die

81
Q

What are alveolar macrophages also called?

A

Dust cells

82
Q

What do dust cells do?

A

Patrol epithelium and engulf foreign particles

83
Q

How is blood supplied to the conducting portions?

2

A

Receive blood from the systemic circuit through arteries

Blood returns mostly though the bronchial veins

84
Q

How is blood supplied to the respiratory exchange surfaces?

A

Receive blood from the arteries of the pulmonary circuit

Pulmonary veins return blood to the left atrium of the heart

85
Q

What is each lung covered by?

A

A pleura

86
Q

What is a pleura?

2

A

A serous membrane which lines the pleural cavity (Visceral = inner, Parietal = outer)

Pleural fluid fills and lubricates space between pleura and lungs

1. 2 Organ System Physiology (25 decks)

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