Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > The Reproductive System > Flashcards

The Reproductive System Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a gonad?

A

A gonad is an organ that produces sex cells in animals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the male gonads called?

A

They’re called testees.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why are the testees located in the scrotum?

A

It is the ideal temperature for sperm production (~35*C).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where are seminiferous tubules located?

A

They’re located inside the testees.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the seminiferous tubules lined with?

A

They are lined with sperm producing cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the epididymis comprised of?

A

It is comprised of all of the seminiferous tubules joining.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two functions of the epididymis?

A
  • To allow for sperm to mature.

- To store the matured sperm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the sperm duct also referred to as?

A

Vas deferens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the sperm duct do?

A

The sperm duct brings sperm to the urethra.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the urethra responsible for?

A

To carry sperm and urine out of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the three glands in the male reproductive system?

A
  • Seminal vesicle
  • Prostate gland
  • Cowper’s gland
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do the three male reproductive glands produce?

A

These three glands produce seminal fluid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does seminal fluid do?

A

It nourishes the sperm and provides a medium for it to swim.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which two parts are in the head of the sperm? What do they do?

A
  • Acrosome — This contains digestive fluid.

- Nucleus — This contains 23 chromosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What part is in the body of the sperm? What does it do?

A
  • Collor — This contains mitochondria.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What part is in the tail of the sperm? What does it do?

A
  • Flagellum — This allows the sperm to swim.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is it called when a cell contains 46 chromosomes?

A

It is called a diploid cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How do sperm and egg producing cells turn into sperm and egg cells?

A

They go through meiosis and split from a diploid to a haploid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is created when a sperm nucleus and an egg nucleus combine?

A

When they combine in fertilisation, they form a diploid zygote.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How does the zygote grow?

A

The zygote now grows through meiosis division ensuring that each new cell has a diploid number of chromosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the male hormone called?

A

It is called testosterone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is testosterone responsible for?

A

It is responsible for the males primary and secondary characteristics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are primary sex characteristics?

A

The presence of male / female reproductive organs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are secondary sex characteristics?

A

This refers to the features that distinguishes males from females apart from the sex organs themselves.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Name three male secondary sex characteristics.

A
  • The growth of pubic, facial and body hair.
  • The enlarging of the larynx and deepening of the voice.
  • Increased muscular and bone development.
  • A growth spurt.
  • An increased secretion level of sebum in the skin.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What does the ovary produce?

A

The ovary produces the female’s eggs and hormone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Do eggs develop over time or are they present at birth?

A

A female’s eggs are present from birth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is another word for the fallopian tube?

A

The oviduct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How to fallopian tubes get a hold of an egg after it is released?

A

There are funnels at the tip of each fallopian tube and they catch the egg after it is released from the ovary.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How are the eggs moved along the fallopian tube?

A

They are moved by cilia (which are hair-like structures) and muscular peristalsis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is another name for the uterus?

A

The womb.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the outer wall of the uterus made out of?

A

The outer wall of the uterus is made out of involuntary muscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the inner lining of the uterus called?

A

The endometrium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What happens each month to the endometrium before it is shed?

A

The endometrium thickens each month and with cells and blood vessels to nourish the embryo.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What separates the uterus from the vagina?

A

The cervix.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the function of the vagina?

A
  • To allow the entry of sperm.

- The exit canal for the birth of the baby.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

How does the vagina protect itself from pathogens?

A

It protects itself by having cells that produce mucous.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the two female hormones?

A
  • Oestrogen

- Progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are the secondary sex characteristics in females?

A
  • Maturing and enlarging of breasts.
  • Widening of the pelvis in preparation for childbirth.
  • Growth of pubic and underarm hair.
  • A growth spurt.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Why are eggs diploid at birth?

A

Eggs are diploid at birth because they haven’t been divided by meiosis yet.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What surrounds the egg when meiosis is complete?

A

The Graafian follicle surrounds the egg.

42
Q

What does the Graafian follicle produce?

A

It produces oestrogen.

43
Q

How does the Graafian follicle work?

A

When the follicle matures, it forms a swelling on the outside of the ovary. When it is time to ovulate, it bursts and releases the egg.

44
Q

After ovulation, what happens to the Graafian follicle?

A

The Graafian molecule fills with yellow cells and becomes the Corpus luteum.

45
Q

What hormone does the Corpus luteum produce?

A

Progesterone

46
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

It a 28 days long sequence of events in which the female’s body produces an egg and prepares the body for pregnancy.

47
Q

When does the cycle start and end in a woman’s life?

A

It starts at puberty and ends at menopause.

48
Q

What happens on days 1-5 during the menstrual cycle?

A

The old lining (endometrium) is broken down from the body.

49
Q

What is this shedding of the old lining called during days 1-5?

A

Menstruation

50
Q

In relation to the egg, what happens on days 1-5?

A

A new egg is produced in the ovaries by meiosis and is surrounded by Meiosis.

51
Q

What happens on days 6-14 during the menstrual cycle?

A

The hormone oestrogen is produced by the developing Graafian follicle.

52
Q

What are the two functions of the production of oestrogen during days 6-14.

A
  • It causes the lining of the uterus to build up again in preparation for implantation.
  • Oestrogen also prevents the development of any more eggs.
53
Q

What happens on day 14?

A

On day 14, ovulation happens.

54
Q

How does ovulation occur?

A

Ovulation occurs when the Graafian follicle bursts to release the egg into the fallopian tube.

55
Q

What happens to the Graafian follicle on days 14-28?

A

The Graafian follicle develops into the Corpus luteum.

56
Q

What are the two functions of the Corpus luteum?

A
  • It causes the endometrium to thicken further.

- It prevents new eggs from forming.

57
Q

What days are considered the “fertile period”?

A

Days 12-16

58
Q

What happens if the egg isn’t fertilised by day 16?

A

The egg will die.

59
Q

What happens to the Corpus luteum if fertilisation doesn’t occur?

A

The Corpus luteum will degenerate around day 22.

60
Q

What happens if fertilisation doesn’t take place and the Corus luteum degenerates?

A

The lining of the uterus breaks down again on day 28. This starts the cycle again on day 1.

61
Q

What is the biological term for reproducing?

A

Copulation

62
Q

How does one know if a male and female are experiencing sexual arousal?

A
  • The penis becomes erect.

- The vagina becomes lubricated.

63
Q

How does one know if a male and female are copulating?

A

The penis is inserted into and moved inside the vagina.

64
Q

How does one know if a male and female are experiencing an orgasm?

A
  • Sperm is released from the penis (ejaculation).

- Contractions occur in the vagina and uterus.

65
Q

What is insemination?

A

Insemination is the release of sperm into the female.

66
Q

How does the female help fertilisation to occur after insemination?

A

There are contractions in the uterus and fallopian tubes to move the sperm into the fallopian tubes.

67
Q

What is it called when the egg gives off chemicals to attract the sperm?

A

It is known as chemotaxis.

68
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

Fertilisation is the fusion of the egg and sperm nuclei to form a diploid zygote.

69
Q

Where does fertilisation normally occur?

A

In the fallopian tube.

70
Q

What releases enzymes to digest the egg’s membrane?

A

The acrosome

71
Q

Why does the acrosome release enzymes to digest the egg’s membrane?

A

So that a number of sperm may reach the egg at the same time.

72
Q

How does the egg protect itself after one sperm has entered it so that other sperm don’t?

A

A chemical reaction at the membrane prevents other sperm cells from entering.

73
Q

What is implantation?

A

Implantation is the embedding of the fertilised egg into the lining of the uterus.

74
Q

When does implantation normally occur?

A

It normally occurs 6-9 days after fertilisation when the zygote has grown into an embryo.

75
Q

During implantation what develops around the embryo?

A

The amnion membrane

76
Q

What does the amnion membrane do?

A

It fills with fluid and surrounds the embryo to act as a shock absorber.

77
Q

When does the placenta form?

A

The placenta forms after the implantation.

78
Q

What does the embryo form after implantation?

A

The embryo forms an outer membrane called a chorion.

79
Q

What does the chorion develop?

A

The chorion develops projections (also known as chorionic villi).

80
Q

What is the function of chorionic villi?

A

The chorionic villi, together with the blood vessels from the mother in the endometrium form the placenta.

81
Q

What does the placenta allow for?

A

The placenta allows for nutrients, wastes, gases, antibodies and hormones to be exchanged between the mother and embryos blood.

82
Q

Do the blood of the embryo and the mother mix?

A

No

83
Q

What are the two reasons why the mother and embryos blood don’t mix?

A
  • The blood groups of mother and baby might not be compatible.
  • The blood pressure of the mothers system may cause damage to the embryo.
84
Q

What hormone does the placenta make?

A

The placenta makes the hormone progesterone.

85
Q

What does the umbilical cord do?

A

It connects the placenta with the embryo.

86
Q

What does the umbilical cord contain and what does it do?

A

The umbilical cord contains blood vessels which circulate blood between the embryo and the placenta.

87
Q

Explain what happens during stage one of childbirth.

A

The contractions of the uterus pushes the foetus towards the cervix, dilating it. The contractions cause the amnion to break, releasing the amniotic fluid through the vagina.

88
Q

Explain what happens during stage two of childbirth.

A
  • The fœtus passes through the cervix and the the birth canal, head first
  • The umbilical cord is tied and cut. This leaves a scar which will be eventually the navel.
89
Q

Explain what happens during stage three of childbirth.

A
  • The baby is now born.

- The uterus now contracts again and expels the umbilical cord and placenta.

90
Q

What is breastfeeding?

A

Breastfeeding is the secretion of milk from the mammary glands.

91
Q

What is produced a few days after birth (in relation to breastfeeding)?

A

The colostrum is produced.

92
Q

What triggers the production of milk and by what?

A

The production of milk is triggered by the release of prolactin by the pituitary gland.

93
Q

Give two reasons why breastfeeding is better than bottle feeding.

A
  • Colostrum and breastmilk provide the baby with essential antibodies protecting it against infection.
  • It has the ideal balance of nutrients for the baby.
  • It has very little fat making it easier to digest than milk.
94
Q

What are the four main types of birth control?

A
  • Natural
  • Mechanical
  • Chemical
  • Surgical
95
Q

What are two cases of male infertility?

A
  • Low sperm count
  • Low sperm mobility
  • Endocrine gland failure.
96
Q

What are two cases of female infertility?

A
  • Blockage of the fallopian tube.

- Endocrine gland failure.

97
Q

What are two solutions to infertility?

A
  • In-vitro fertilisation

- Implantation

98
Q

What is birth control?

A

Birth control refers to the methods employed to limit the number of children that are born.

99
Q

What is contraception?

A

Contraception is the is the removing of possibility of conception.

100
Q

What is an example of mechanical contraception in a male and female?

A

Male - condoms

Female - diaphram

101
Q

What is an example of chemical conception which women use? and explain how it works.

A

The use of the pill. The pill contains oestrogen and progesterone which prevents ovulation.

102
Q

What is the surgical option for contraception in males and females?

A

The cutting and tying of the Fallopian tubes or sperm ducts.

Biology (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions