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Biology > The Circulatory / Lymphatic System > Flashcards

The Circulatory / Lymphatic System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two types of Circulation System?

A
  • Open Circulation Systems

- Closed Circulation Systems

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2
Q

What is a Open Circulation System?

A

The heart pumps blood into vessels that are open-ended (eg in Insects).

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3
Q

What is a closed Circulation System?

A

Blood remains in a continuous system of blood vessels (eg in Humans).

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4
Q

What are some advantages of a Closed Circulation System?

A
  • Blood can be pumped faster

- Blood flow rate to different organs can be changed

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5
Q

What are the main parts of Human Circulation System?

A
  • Heart
  • Blood Vessels
  • Blood
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6
Q

What are the 5 sub-sections of the main parts?

A
  • Arteries
  • Arterioles
  • Viens
  • Venules
  • Capillaries
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7
Q

What do Arterioles do?

A

Arterioles connect Arteries and Capillaries

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8
Q

What do Venuoles do?

A

Venuoles connect Veins and Capillaries

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9
Q

Why do Capillaries have thin walls?

A

They have thin walls for easy exchange of materials between cells (O2/CO2).

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10
Q

What do valves prevent?

A

Back flow

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11
Q

Where is the heart located in the body?

A

It is located between the lungs, slightly to the left side of the thorax.

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12
Q

What is the function of the heart?

A

To pump blood around the body.

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13
Q

What is the structure of the heart?

A

A hollow structure made of cardiac muscle, surrounded by a double membrane.

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14
Q

What’s different between cardiac muscle and other muscles?

A

Cardiac muscle doesn’t tire.

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15
Q

What is the systemic circulation system in humans?

A

The heart pumps blood to the head, trunk and limbs of the body and back to the heart.

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16
Q

What is the pulmonary circulation system in humans?

A

The heart pumps blood to the lungs and back to the heart.

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17
Q

What are two advantages of a double circulatory system?

A
  • Separation of oxygenation and de-oxygenated blood.

- Blood pressure can be kept high.

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18
Q

What is the average blood pressure in the human body?

A

120/80

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19
Q

What is the role of the Tricuspid valve?

A

The Tricuspid valve prevents backflow from the right atrium.

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20
Q

What is the role of the Bicuspid valve?

A

The Bicuspid valve prevents backflow from the left atrium.

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21
Q

What is the role of the semi-lunar valve?

A

The semi-lunar valve prevents backflow into the heart.

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22
Q

How is blood supplied to the heart walls?

A

Coronary arteries branch from the aorta just above the semi-lunar valves at the aorta.

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23
Q

How is blood drained from the heart walls?

A

Blood is drained from the heart wall into the right atrium.

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24
Q

How does the heart beat?

A

The heart beats from an alternate contraction and relaxation of the cardiac muscle.

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25
Q

What is the heart beat controlled by? and how is it controlled?

A

The heartbeat is controlled by the pacemaker in the right atrium. It sends an electrical signal to the cardiac muscle.

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26
Q

What is a pulse?

A

A pulse is the alternate expansion and contraction of the arteries.

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27
Q

Explain how a pulse works.

A

A wave of expansion passes down the walls of arteries following a contraction of the left ventricle. The elastic fibres in the arteries wall then bring about a contraction of the artery wall.

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28
Q

What is the average pulse rate for humans?

A

72 BPM

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29
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

Blood pressure is pressure in the arteries due to contraction of the ventricles which forces blood into the arteries.

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30
Q

What happened t the blood pressure when blood passes from arteries to veins?

A

The pressure drops.

31
Q

How does an instrument work to get blood pressure? (Band around your arm for recording BP)

A

Blood pressure is measured with an instrument that records the pressure it takes to stop blood flow in an artery of the upper arm.

32
Q

What is an effect of smoking on the circulatory system?

A
  • Nicotine increases heart rate and blood pressure.
  • CO2 reduces the amount of O2 carried by the blood.
  • Other chemicals in tobacco are harmful to the heart.
33
Q

What is an effect of diet on the circulation system?

A
  • A high intake of fat can cause a buildup of cholesterol.

- High salt intake increases water in your blood and therefore makes it harder to pump.

34
Q

What is an effect of exercise on a persons circulatory system?

A
  • Exercise can strengthen the heart.

- Exercise can increase our ability to transport oxygen.

35
Q

What are two factors that could increase heart rate?

A
  • Exercise

- Stress

36
Q

What are the two factors that could decrease heart rate?

A
  • Sleep

- Alcohol

37
Q

How is the heart rate controlled?

A
  • The SA Node emits an electrical signal.
  • The atria contracts.
  • Signal is picked up by the AV Node.
  • The AV Node sends a signal to the ventricles.
  • The ventricles contacts.
38
Q

What is contraction of the heart muscle called?

A

Systole

39
Q

What is the relaxation of the heart muscle called?

A

Diastole

40
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

A secondary transport system consisting of a one-way system of blood vessels that collects and returns excess fissure fluid to the blood system.

41
Q

What is the lymphatic system consisted of?

A
  • Lymphatic vessels
  • Lymphatic nodes
  • Lymph
42
Q

How does the lymphatic system help to fight infection? (3 ways)

A
  • It filters micro-organisms in the lymph nodes.
  • It destroys micro-organisms by antibody production.
  • It matures and stores lymphocytes.
43
Q

What does the lymphatic system do with the intestine?

A

The lymphatic system transports digested fat away from the intestine.

44
Q

What is the role of plasma in the blood?

A

It acts as a transport medium for cells and dissolved substances because it is composed of mainly water.

45
Q

What is the role of Red Blood Cells (RBC’s) in the blood?

A

They carry oxygen.

46
Q

What is the role of White Blood Cells (WBC’s) in the blood?

A

They fight infection.

47
Q

What is the role of platelets in the blood?

A

The enable clotting to happen.

48
Q

What are the digestion products in which the plasma transports? (Name 3)

A
  • Glucose
  • Amino acids
  • Fatty acids
  • Glycerol
  • Minerals
  • Vitamins
49
Q

What are the waste products in which the plasma transports? (Name both)

A
  • Carbon dioxide

- Urea

50
Q

What is the hormone in which the plasma transports?

A

Insulin

51
Q

What is the type of product in which the plasma transports?

A

Antibodies

52
Q

What is Rhesus factor?

A

It’s another blood grouping system in which the RBC’s contain an antigen called “Factor D”.

53
Q

Why is Rhesus factor important in pregnancies?

A

Problems may arise in the second and further pregnancies if the bother is Rh- and the baby is Rh+.

54
Q

What is the shape of a RBC?

A

Biconcave disc (for larger surface area).

55
Q

What are two products that the RBC does not contain?

A
  • No Nucleus

- No Mitochondria

56
Q

Why do RBC’s contain haemoglobin?

A

Because it has a high affinity for oxygen.

57
Q

Where are RBC’s made?

A

They are made in the bone marrow of the ribs and sternum.

58
Q

Do WBC’s contain a nucleus?

A

Yes

59
Q

Do WBC’s have a defined shape?

A

No

60
Q

Where are WBC’s formed and where do they mature?

A

They are formed in the bone marrow and they mature in the spleen.

61
Q

What is the role of WBC’s?

A

To protect against disease.

62
Q

What are the two types of WBC’s? and what do they do?

A
  • Lymphocytes — Produces Antibodies

- Monocytes — Engulfs Micro-organisms

63
Q

What are platelets made of?

A

They are made of cell fragments.

64
Q

Do platelets have a nucleus?

A

No

65
Q

Where are platelets made?

A

In bone marrow.

66
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Their function is clotting.

67
Q

How are Fatty acids and Glycerol absorbed by he lymphatic system?

A

Fatty Acids and Glycerol are absorbed from the small intestine into the lymphatic system for transport to the liver.

68
Q

How are Glucose, Amino acids, vitamins, minerals absorbed by he lymphatic system?

A

Glucose, Amino acids, vitamins and minerals pass into the blood capillaries.

69
Q

How do nutrients get transported to the liver?

A

The hepatic portal vein transports the nutrients to the liver.

70
Q

What are villi?

A

They are the infolding of the lining of the small intestin.

71
Q

What is the function of the Villi?

A

They increase the surface area for absorption of digested food.

72
Q

What products are absorbed by the lacteal in the villi?

A

Fatty Acids and Glycerol.

73
Q

How do nutrients get from the intestine to the liver? And which nutrients can get transported?

A

The hepatic portal vein connects the small intestine to the liver transporting Glucose, Amino Acids, Minerals and Vitamins.

74
Q

What are the four functions of the liver?

A
  • To make bile
  • To store glycogen
  • To break down toxins
  • To store vitamins A, D, K.

Biology (24 decks)

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