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Biology > The Digestive System / Nutrition > Flashcards

The Digestive System / Nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

What is nutrition?

A

Nutrition is the process by which the body takes in and uses food.

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2
Q

What is heterotrophic nutrition?

A

Heterotrophic nutrition is a type of nutrition where a organism cannot make its own food.

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3
Q

What is autotrophic nutrition?

A

Autotrophic nutrition is a type of nutrition where a organism makes its own food.

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4
Q

What is a herbivore?

What is an example of this?

A

Herbivores obtain energy by eating only plants.

Examples are Cows, Caterpillars, and Deer.

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5
Q

What is a Carnivore?

What is an example of this?

A

Carnivores only eat animals.

Examples are Snakes, Dogs, and Owls.

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6
Q

What is an omnivore?

A

An organism that eats both plants and animals.

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7
Q

Why do organisms need to digest food?

A

It is needed to breakdown large food particles until there are small enough to pass into the body cells, to absorb energy.

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8
Q

What are the stages in human digestion?

A
  • Ingestion
  • Digestion
  • Absorption
  • Egestion

(remember with I.D.E.A)

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9
Q

What is the definition for ingestion in the terms of digestion?

A

Food is taken into the alimentary canal.

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10
Q

What is the definition for digestion in the terms of digestion?

A

Food is broken down into smaller pieces.

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11
Q

What is the definition absorption in the terms of digestion?

A

Absorption is the movement of digested food from the alimentary canal into the blood system.

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12
Q

What is the definition egestion in the terms of digestion?

A

The removal of unabsorbed material, such as faeces and urine.

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13
Q

What is digestion?

A

Digestion is the physical and chemical breakdown of food.

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14
Q

What is peristalsis? explain.

A

It is rhythmic muscular contractions and relaxation in the wall of the alimentary canal causing the food to move along the canal.

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15
Q

What is an enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates?

A

Salivary amylase

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16
Q

What is the role of salivary amylase in chemical digestion?

A

It digests starch.

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17
Q

What is the production site of the enzyme of carbohydrates

A

Salivary glands

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18
Q

What is the PH at the site of action with an enzyme of carbohydrates

A

The pH is alkaline and at a level of 8.

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19
Q

What is the product of the enzyme of carbohydrates?

A

Maltose

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20
Q

What is the function of incisors?

A

Their function is cutting.

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21
Q

What is the function of pre-molars?

A

Their function is crushing and grinding.

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22
Q

What is the function of molars?

A

Their function is crushing and grinding.

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23
Q

What is the function of canines?

A

Their function is tearing.

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24
Q

Describe how food is mechanically broken down.

A
  • Use teeth to tear and grind food.

- Contractions in stomach wall, and rhythmic muscular contractions and relaxations pushing food down the oesophagus.

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25
Q

What is the role of bile salts in chemical digestion?

A

Bile salts emulsifies fat and neutralizes the acidic chime from the stomach.

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26
Q

What is the dental formula

A

2(i2/2, c1/1, p2/2, m3/3)

27
Q

What is a enzyme that breaks down protein?

A

Pepsin

28
Q

What is the role of pepsin?

A

Pepsin breaks down proteins.

29
Q

Where is the production site of pepsin?

A

Gastric glands in the stomach wall.

30
Q

What is the PH at the site when pepsin is in action?

A

Acid pH 2

31
Q

What is the product of pepsin during digestion?

A

Peptides

32
Q

What is one enzyme that breaks down fat?

A

Lipase

33
Q

Where is the production site of lipase?

A

The pancreas

34
Q

What is the pH at the site of action for lipase?

A

It has an alkaline pH of 8.

35
Q

What are the products of lipase.

A
  • Fatty acids

- Glycerol

36
Q

What are the benefits of fibre in a diet.

A
  • It helps prevent constipation.

- Stimulates peristalsis in the colon.

37
Q

What are functions of the liver?

A
  • Secretes Bile an alkaline liquid to break down fats.
  • Store glucose as glycogen.
  • Convert carbs and proteins to fats.
  • Homeostasis of blood.
  • Convert amino acids to urea
38
Q

Why is digestion needed?

A

Digestion is needed so that the food molecules are small enough to pass into the bloodstream.

39
Q

What is the role of the oesophagus?

A

The oesophagus carries food from the mouth to the stomach.

40
Q

What is the oesophagus?

A

A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach.

41
Q

What is the stomach lined with?

A

It is lined with mucus.

42
Q

What is the role of the stomach in digestion?

A

It receives food from the oesophagus, mixes the food with gastric juice forming chime, initiates protein digestion, creates limited absorption and moves food into the small intestine.

43
Q

What is the stomach?

A

A muscular bag lined with mucus that digests food.

44
Q

What are the 2 types of digestion?

A
  • Chemical

- Mechanical

45
Q

Describe chemical digestion.

A

Using chemicals such as saliva / spit or gastric juice, it breaks down food containing mucus, HCL and pepsinogen.

46
Q

What are the functions of enzymes?

A
  • Digestion

- Absorption

47
Q

What are the three parts if the small intestine?

A
  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
48
Q

What is the function of the duodenum?

A

The function of the duodenum is chemical digestion.

49
Q

What is the function of the jejunum and ileum?

A

The function of the jejunum and ileum is the absorption of nutrients.

50
Q

What adaptations have been made for absorption?

A
  • A long tube

- Villi

51
Q

What does the long tube do in terms of adaptations in digestion?

A

The long tube gives more time for absorption.

52
Q

What are villi?

A

Villi is a small finger-like structure with infoldings that increase the surface area of the intestinal wall for absorption.

53
Q

What does a villi absorb?

A

Villi absorb monomers formed by digestion as well as mineral ions and vitamins.

54
Q

What are functions of the large intestine?

A
  • Absorption of water and preparation of faecal material for elimination.
  • To digest cellulose.
55
Q

Where does amylase act?

A

It acts in the mouth.

56
Q

Where does pepsin act?

A

It acts in the stomach.

57
Q

Where does lipase act?

A

It acts in the small intestine / the duodenum.

58
Q

What are the three functions of gastric juice?

A
  • Gastric juice lines and protects the stomach wall.
  • It kills bacteria and activates pepsinogen.
  • Converts pepsinogen into the active enzyme pepsin by hydrochloric acid. Pepsin digests protein to peptides.
59
Q

What are the four parts of the large intestine?

A
  • Colon
  • Caecum
  • Appendix
  • Rectum
60
Q

What are the three functions of the large intestine?

A
  • To reabsorb water.
  • To produce B group vitamins.
  • To digest cellulose.
61
Q

Explain the relationship of the humans and bacteria in the production of vitamin B.

A

When humans digest cellulose, symbiotic bacteria in our stomachs covert cellulose to vitamin B. this is the only source of vitamin B we can ‘produce’.

62
Q

What are the roles of the liver?

A
  • The liver produces bile.
  • Bile is stored in gallbladder.
  • Bile enters the duodenum through the bile duct.
63
Q

What three things that bile consists of?

A
  • Water
  • Bile salts
  • Bile pigments

Biology (24 decks)

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