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Biology > Enzymes > Flashcards

Enzymes Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define metabolism

A

Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions in an organism.

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2
Q

What are enzymes?

A

protein (or organic/biological) catalysts.

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3
Q

What element is found in enzymes?

A

Protein

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4
Q

What are catalysts?

A

Catalysts are substances that speed up chemical reactions.

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5
Q

What type of catalysts are enzymes?

A

Enzymes are biological catalysts.

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6
Q

What is solar energy?

A

Energy from the sun.

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7
Q

What cellular energy?

A

Cellular energy is energy stored in the binds of bio-molecules.

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8
Q

Where does all energy come from?

A

All energy comes from the sun.

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9
Q

Why is the shape of an enzyme important?

A

Each enzyme’s active site is suitable for one specific type of substrate - just like a lock that has the right shape for only one specific key.

Changing the shape of the active site of an enzyme will cause its reaction to slow down until the shape has changed so much that the substrate no longer fits.

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10
Q

What is a substrate?

A

A substrate is the substance in which an enzyme reacts with.

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11
Q

What is a product?

A

A product is the substance the enzyme forms.

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12
Q

What is the shape of enzymes?

A

It has a 3d globular structure.

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13
Q

What decides the function of protein?

A

The sequence of amino acids and protein folds determines the function of the protein.

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14
Q

What is the function of enzymes?

A

The function of enzymes are to speed up chemical reactions.

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15
Q

How do enzymes work?

A

Lower activation energy is needed to start a chemical reaction.

They work based in the enzyme/substrate complex.

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16
Q

What is a substrate?

A

The substance on which an enzyme acts.

17
Q

What is a anabolic reaction?

A

Energy is taken to convert smaller molecules into larger ones.

An example of this is photosynthesis.

18
Q

What is a catabolic reaction?

A

Energy is taken to break down larger molecules into smaller molecules.

An example of this is respiration.

19
Q

What is the enzyme-substrate complex?

A

The enzyme and the substrate bond forming an enzyme substrate complex.

Then the substrate reacts when this complex is formed
Then the bond breaks and the enzyme releases the products
Then the enzyme moves on to form other bonds.

20
Q

What is a inhibitor? and give an example

A

Inhibitors attach to enzymes and destroy their shape. When this happens, they become denatured.

An example of this is nerve gas.

21
Q

What is an example of a catabolic enzyme?

A

Amalase

22
Q

What are 2 things enzyme activity is affected by?

A
  • Temperature
  • pH
  • Substrate concentration
  • Enzyme concentration
23
Q

What is an immobilised enzyme?

A

An enzyme that is held in place and not free to diffuse through a solution

24
Q

What are the benefits of immobilized enzymes?

A
  • They may be reused
  • Easy to separate from subject
  • The process is cheaper
25
Q

What are immobilised enzymes used for?

A
  • To produce fructose from glucose

- To convert penicillin to different forms.

26
Q

What is Amylase produced by?

A

It is produced by salvia glands and the pancreatic gland.

27
Q

What is an example of an anabolic enzyme?

A

DNA Polymerase which repairs DNA

28
Q

What do anabolic enzymes do?

A

Anabolic enzymes converts simpler molecules into more complex molecules.

29
Q

How can you recognise an enzyme through the name of a chemical?

A

It has the suffix “-ase”. For example, amylase or protease.

30
Q

What temperatures do human and plant enzymes work best at?

A

Human enzymes work best at 37 degrees while, plant enzymes work best at 20-30 degrees.

31
Q

What range of pH do enzymes work in?

A

They work in a pH of between 6-8.

32
Q

What is bio-processing?

A

Bio-processing is the use of enzymes controlled reactions to produce a product.

33
Q

What are two examples of products from bio-processing.

A
  • Cheeses
  • Beer
  • Antibiotics
  • Vaccines
  • Methane gas
  • Food flavours
  • Vitamins
  • Perfumes
34
Q

What are the three ways to physically immobilise enzymes?

A
  1. Adsorption - When enzymes are physically attacked to inactive supports as glass beads or ceramics.
  2. Enclose in a membrane - When enzymes are kept within a membrane.
  3. Trap in a gel - Sodium alginate is commonly used this allows substances in and produce the product.
35
Q

What are the two ways to chemically immobilise enzymes?

A
  1. Bonded to a support - Enzymes chemically bonded to a support such as glass beads or ceramics.
  2. Bonded to each other - Enzymes are chemically bonded to each other.
36
Q

What is an example of the use of an immobilised enzyme?

A

Immobilised glucose isomerase converts glucose into fructose which is used to sweeten drinks.

Biology (24 decks)

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