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VMS4008 > The Reproductive Companion Animal > Flashcards

The Reproductive Companion Animal Flashcards

1
Q

Detail the HPG axis in Females

A
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2
Q

What is Prolactin?

A
  • A luteotrophic agent produced in the anterior pituitary
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3
Q

What are the roles of prolactin?

A
  • Stimulate and maintain the CL, allowing the gestation period to be maintained
  • Prepare for and maintain lactation
    -Influence maternal bhvrs
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4
Q

Who is th emain regulator of prolactin?

A

DOPAMINE

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5
Q

What are the options for control of the female breeding cycle?

A
  • Surgical (OVH, OV, Tube ligation)
  • Intrauterine, intravaginal devices
  • Chemical (Progestogens, Androgens, GnRH agonists, Melatonin)
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6
Q

What may influence the choice of contraception?

A
  • Purpose
  • Demographics
  • Culture
  • Ethnics
  • Economics
  • Species
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7
Q

What is the MOA for progestogens?

A
  • Mode of action is unclear
    May block production/ release of, or response to , GNRH
  • May decrease secretion of FSH and LH
  • May have a direct effect at ovarian level by altering secretion of oestradiol
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8
Q

What are the effects of action

A
  • Temporary postponement -> start progestogens just before pro-oestrus
  • Prolonged postponement -> Start treatment during anoestrus
  • Suppression of oestrus -> Start at onset of pro-proestrus
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9
Q

What are the different synthetic analgogues of progesterone available?

A
  • Delmadinone acetate (not licensed in females)
  • Megestrol acetate (short acting; temporary postponement)
  • Proligestone (cats, dogs, ferrets)
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10
Q

Detail Proligestone use

A
  • Repeat injections in anoestrus/dioestrus
  • Single injection in anoestrus / dioestrus
  • Single injection at onset of pro-oestrus
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11
Q

What GENERAL side effects with Progestogen use?

A
  • Skin reaction at injection site
  • PRegannt animals -> delays parturition / masculine foetuses
  • Bhvr / metabolic changes: polyphagia, PUPD, inc BCS
  • Steroid effect - adrenocortical suppression
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12
Q

What Side effects with PROLONGED tx with progestogens?

A
  • Mammary enlargement
  • CEH/ pyometra
  • Insulin resistance - DM
  • Cushings
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13
Q

IS fertility affected by the use fo progestogens?

A

Usually no - but endometrial proliferation may affect function

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14
Q

MOA of androgens?

A
  • -ve feedback on HPG axis
  • Androgen receptor in oestrogen target tissues may decrease the effectiveness of response to oestrogens
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15
Q

Androgens timing?

A

Given in first hald of anoestrus -> prolonged postponement

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16
Q

What side effects fo androgens admin?

A
  • Low-grade vaginitis
  • CLitoral enlargement
  • Urine spraying
  • Mounting bhvr
  • Endometrial atrophy
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17
Q

Examples of androgen products we may use?

A
  • Testosterone
  • Milbolerone (synthetic analogue not licensed)
  • Nandrolone (licensed for CRF in cats)
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18
Q

Name a GNrH Agonist

A

Deslorelin acetate

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19
Q

MOA of Deslorelin?

A
  • Desensitises GnRH receptors int he pituitary
  • Lh and FSH production reduced
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20
Q

Describe Deslorelin use

A
  • Implanr admin between 12 and 1nsed for prepubertal female dogs only
  • Implant admin between 12 and 16 wks old
  • Induced temporary infertility to delay first oestrus
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21
Q

What happens with initial use of Deslorelin?

A
  • Initial dose causes surge of pituitary hormone release
  • May increase fertility until down-regulation occurs
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22
Q

What is required for the safe use of chemical control?

A
  • Complete reproductive history - when was last oestrus?
  • Complete clinical exam
  • Palpation of mammary glands
  • Vaginal smear to ensure not in oestrus
  • Serum biochemistry to check liver function and glucose metabolism
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23
Q

Why may we consider preganncy termination?

A
  • Unwanted puppies/ kittens
  • Wrong dog/ tom
  • Age concerns
  • Hgh risk of dystocia
  • Medical conditions
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24
Q

How do we do we terminate pregnancy

A
  • Surgery - ovh
  • Chemical: Progesterone antagonist (aglepristone), Oestrogen, PRostaglandin, Dopamine agonist (cabergoline)
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25
Q

What is Aglepristone (Alizin) ?

A

Synthetic steroid

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26
Q

MOA of Aglepristone?

A
  • Competes with progesterone at receptor level
  • Strong affinity for receptors in uterus
  • devoid of any agonist activity - true competitor
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27
Q

DOse of Aglespristone? - Bitch

A

give 2 doses 24hrs apart from day 1 to day 45 after mating

28
Q

Dose of Aglepristone - Queen?

A

Give 2 doses 24 hrs apart; early after mating gives better results - off license for queens

29
Q

When should we give aglepristone?

A

Dioestrus - vaginal cytology to check not too early

30
Q

Describe Oestrogens?

A
  • Oestradiol benoate (Mesalin)
  • No longer licensed - aglepristone safer and more effective
31
Q

MOA of OEstrogens?

A
  • Changes biochemical environment
  • Affects transit time of zygote in oviduct
  • Has direct embryotoxic effects
32
Q

When should we use Oestradiol ?

A
  • Early preganncy - 3 and 5 days post mating
33
Q

What side effects of Oestradiol use?

A

BM suppression, CEH, pyometra

34
Q

Dexamethasone use?

A

from 0 days onwards but not recommended

35
Q

Prostaglandin (Dinoprost) MOA?

A
  • Lyse CL
  • Cut -> dog CL resistant to effects of Protaglandin
  • Cause uterine contractions
36
Q

Side effects with Dinoprost?

A

serious - don’t use if known cardiac or resp dx

37
Q

Other considerations of Prostagladin ?

A
  • Not licensed for this use in the UK in dogs and cats
  • PGF2 alpha sometimes used for medical management of pyometra in combination with other drugs
38
Q

What is Cabergoline (Galastop)?

A

Dopamine agonist

39
Q

MOA of Cabergoline?

A
  • Inhibit prolactin production
  • Prolactin essential to maintain CL function from mid-pregnancy onwards
  • Results in luteolysis and TERMINATION
40
Q

What side effects of Cabergoline use?

A

Transient hypotension

41
Q

What is cabergoline usually used with?

A

PRostaglandins

42
Q

DRAW OUT DECISION TREE FOR TERMINATION

A
43
Q

What is another name for Pseudopreganncy/ false pregnancy

A

Pseudocyesis

44
Q

When would we see a pseudopregnancy

A

6-14 weeks after oestrus

45
Q

Cause of pseudopregnancy

A

Excessively elevated prolactin levels or inc response to normal levels

46
Q

Signs of pseudopregnancy

A
  • Mammary development
  • NEsting/ toy fixation
  • Aggression or lethargy
  • Milky vulval discharge
47
Q

Treatment for pseudopregnancy

A
  • Try conservative -> inc exercise, disrupt nesting , distract from toys, prevent mammary stimulation, dec food
  • Cabergoline - dopaine agonist
  • Likely to be recurrent
48
Q

Why do we want to avoid spaying at time of elevated prolactin?

A

May result in prolonged pseudopregnancy

49
Q

Considerations for husbandry esp nutrition in pregnant bitch / queen?

A

Dogs -> inc feed in last trimester (usually fed puppy food)
Cats -> Linear increase of feed from the start of the pregnancy

50
Q

Reasons for loss of pregnancy?

A
  • Foetal abnormalities
  • Premature parturition
  • Hypoluteoidism
  • Infection (Herpes virus, brucella)
  • Gestational diabetes
  • Preg toxaemia
  • Toxins/ drugs
  • Environment/ stress factors
51
Q

Lethal causes of loss of pregnancy?

A
  • Congenital abnormalities
  • Placental insufficiency
  • Uterine infection
52
Q

Detail the induction of parturition?

A
  • Not common in CAs
  • Drugs no licensed
  • May be used therapeutically (maternal morbidity, risk of dystocia)
53
Q

Parturition should not be induced before …. days of gestation (0= day of ovulation)

A

60 days

54
Q

What can we use to induce ?

A
  • Aglepristone, oxytocin
  • Aglepristone, PGF2a
  • Nitoglycerine, oxytocin
55
Q

Detail the HPG MAle axis

A
56
Q

How can we control the male breeding cycle?

A
  • Surgical (Castrate, Vasectomy)
  • Chemical (GnRH agonist, Progestogens, Andorgens, Prolactin, Immunisation)
  • Miscellaneous (Injection, US)
57
Q

Describe Desloreliin use in males

A
  • GnRH agonist - slow release long acting implant
  • Causes initial 14-day testosterone surge, then testosterone levels fall
58
Q

Timing of action in males for deslorelin?

A
  • Infertility acheived from 6-8 wks after implantation and lasts 6-12 mths (different sizes) -> lasts longer in dogs <10kg, return to normal testosterone levels post-implant is variable, up to 2 years
59
Q

What can superlorin also be used for ?

A
  • Inducing infertility in ferrets - male and female
  • Tx of ovarian cysts in GPs
  • Oestrogen induced mammary carcinomas in rats
  • Egg laying disorders (egg binding) in birds
  • Bitches to delay onset of oestrus
60
Q

What synthetic analogues of progestogens available (males)

A
  • Delmadinone acetate
  • Megestrol acetate (no longer available)
  • Proligestone (NOT LICENSED)
61
Q

Detail Delmadinone acetate use?

A

Does not result in infertility
- Licensed to treat hypersexuality, prostatic hyperplasia etc

62
Q

Androgen use in Males?

A
  • Testosterone
  • Produces reduction in spermatozoa and motility
  • Not licensed for use for control of breeding in males
  • Side effects - prostatic hypertrophy
63
Q

Prolactin in Females?

A
  • Reduces fertility - reduced motility, N° and altered structure of spermatozoa
  • Serum concentrations of test, FSH & LH do not alter
  • Possibly a direct effect on testes rather than HPG axis
  • Nothing licensed
64
Q

What are the targets for immunosterilisation?

A

GnRH,LH and sperm antigens

65
Q

Problem of immunosterilisation?

A
  • GnRH/ LH not naturally immunogenic
  • Production and duration of antibodies in unpredictable
66
Q

Injection - males?

A
  • Intratesticular, intra-epididymal, intra-vas deferens
    injections
  • Adjuvant agent (BCG)
  • Reproductive toxins (dexamethasone)
  • Zinc gluconate
  • Occlusive silicone (vas deferens)
  • Varying degrees of reduction/duration of infertility
67
Q

Ultrasound - males?

A
  • High intensity focused ultrasound beam
  • Short bursts (10 -15 mins) delivered 1-3 times at
    intervals of 2 – 7 days
  • Suppressed spermatogenesis without affecting
    testosterone levels

VMS4008 (10 decks)

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