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VMS4008 > Metabolic dx of sheep > Flashcards

Metabolic dx of sheep Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the timelines of the conditions we are going to discuss

A
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2
Q

What is ‘Milk Fever’?

A

Hypo calcaemia

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3
Q

When do we see hypoCa?

A
  • Most commonly BEFORE lambing in heavily pregnant ewe
  • Inc in need of Ca from ewe
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4
Q

What causes inc Ca rq?

A
  • Bone development of lamb
  • Ca storage in lamb for further bone development
  • Greatest demand bc mineralization in lamb 1-3 wk prepartum
  • Ewe metabolizes 20% of her bone Ca in pregnancy and lactation

Reduction in digestion of Ca -> de rumen capacity

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5
Q

What are the risk factors to HypoCa?

A
  • Older animals >3rd parity
  • Pregnancy with multiple foetuses
  • Other diseases causing reduced feed intakes
  • Management that reduces feed intakeshousing ewes/movement of ewes 1-3 weeks prepartum
  • Feed low in calcium- lush growing grass, cereals
  • Feed high in oxalates like beets precipitate with calcium making it unavailable
  • Inadequate replenishment of calcium in recovery from lactation
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6
Q

CLS of HypoCa?

A
  • Rapid deterioration
  • Ataxia
  • Weakness
  • Muscle tremors
  • Recumbency
  • ruminal stasis and bloat
  • Salivation
  • TachyP & tachy C w/ dec sounds
  • Delay in parturition or dystocia due to uterus inertia
    Death 48-72h
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7
Q

Diagnosis of HypoCa?

A
  • History
    CLS - Serum Ca levels
    Post M = aqueosu humour
  • Serum Ca <2mmol/L (normal 2.8-3.2)
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8
Q

Tx for hypoCa?

A
  • 20ml 40% IV admin of calcium borogluconate
  • Admin slow (monitor HR & reduce poss arrythmias
  • S/C admin of Ca
    Oral supp?
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9
Q

Prognosis?

A
  • Immediate, rapid resp to IV tx
  • Simple early-stage dx recover well
  • Often linked with hypoMg/ preg tox
  • Recumbency ass w/ poor pg
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10
Q

Prevention?

A

**- Sufficient provision of Ca in diet **
- Minerals mixed in cereal based diets
- Provide concentrate pellet incl Ca
- Supp of Ca for animals on pastures with lush rapid grass growth
- Avoid feeds high in oxalates ex: beets
- Supp animals >3rd parity
- Lick supp
- Reduce husbandry practices that reduce feed intakes
- Handling & mov 1-3m prepartum
- Limited trough space in housed animals (15m/ewe forage , 45cm conc)

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11
Q

What is ‘grass taggers’?

A

Hypomagnesaemia

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12
Q

Role of Mg?

A

Viral for skeleton & muscle function , enzyme and nervous system function
Sheep cannot store it meaning they rq constant supply & need even more during lactation

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13
Q

What is hypoMg usually secondary to?

A
  • Dec in feed intake (bad wether, transport)
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14
Q

what is rumen absorption of Mg affected by?

A

high potassium and nitrogen intakes/ low sodium phosphorous intakes -> pastures fertilised with nitrogen (poultry manure)

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15
Q

What other cause to hypoMg?

A

Lush grass pastures can cause mtabolic alkalosis which can dec availability of Ca & Mg

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16
Q

T/F HypoMg dx progression is rapid?

A

true

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17
Q

Describe the signs in order of progression

A
  • Hyper-sensitivity
  • Ataxia
  • Twitching
  • Recumbency
  • Nystagmus
  • Rapid pounding heart
  • Seizures
  • Salivation
  • Leg paddling
  • Severe tremors
  • Death
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18
Q

Dx hypoMG?

A
  • Based on history and clinical signs
  • Treatment response
  • Diagnosis needs to be rapid to ensure rapid treatment
  • True emergency
  • Low serum Mg levels/ Low Mg in vitreous humour sample-post mortem
19
Q

Tx for hypoMg

A
  • Sedation
  • Mg sulphate - should not be given IV alone
  • Ca & Mg together 8:1 ratio Ca/ Mg IV bolus
  • Subcut Mg Sulfate
  • increases blood Mg levels over 6-12 hrs
  • Provide dietay intake to prevent relapse
20
Q

Prevention of hypoMg?

A
  • High risk = late preg & lactation -> supp
  • Soluble mg salts added to water
  • Concentrate feed high in Mg
  • High concentrate boluses lasts 4-8 weeks
21
Q

Describe Pregnancy Toxaemia?

A
  • Pregnancy- late gestation
  • Inadequate nutritiion -> energy density & reduce capacity of rumen
22
Q

What does pregnancy tox cause?

A

Hypoglycaemic encephalopathy

concurrent hypoCa & fatty liver is common

23
Q

Risk factors to twin lamb dx?

A
  • Poor condition ewes
  • Over-conditioned ewes
  • Twin pregnancy
  • Ewes on fast growing wet pasture
  • Suden extreme weather
24
Q

Describe pathogenesis of pregnancy tox?

A
25
Q

What CLS of Preg Tox?

A
  • onset 1-3 wks pre-partum
  • Aimless walking
  • Separation from flock
  • Teeth grinding
  • Depression
  • Head tremors / pressing
  • Blindness
  • Weakness
  • Comatose
  • Foetal death -> septiaemia in ewe
    death
26
Q

Describe differences between HypoCa & Preg Tox?

A
27
Q

Diagnosis of preg tox?

A
  • history & cls
  • Blood ketone levels - ketone meter
  • Urine ketone levels
  • Full biochem
  • PME (nonpathognomic)
28
Q

What values indicate preg tox on blood ketone meter ?

A
  • > 0.8mmol/L subclin
  • > 3mmol/L clinical
29
Q

Tx for preg tox?

A
  • Propylene glycol
  • Other solution of readily available energy : molasses
  • Oral fluids & electrolytes
  • Induction of parturition or elective C-sec - remove glucose demand
  • IV-glucose solution (repeated)
  • Iv fluids with bicarb
  • Nursing care & isolation
  • Rapid & vigorous tx early
30
Q

Prevention & management of preg tox?

A
  • Flock problem with clinial individuals
  • Taoiled nutrition
  • BCS
  • Management groups of animals
31
Q

What nutrition for preg tox?

A

High quality roughage and supp concentrate feeding

32
Q

BCS ?

A
  • 2.5-3.6 6 weeks prior to lambing
  • 2-2.5 at lambing
33
Q

Managing flock ?

A
  • BCS
  • Scanning and foetal number
  • Expected lambing date
34
Q

Reminder on Condition scoring sheep ?

A
35
Q

Describe Metabolic Profiling

A
  • Nutritional adequay fo ration
  • Pre lambing profile
  • Blood sampling 2-3 weeks before lambing
  • Ration not changed in preceding 3 weeks
36
Q

Who do we sample when doing metabolic profiling?

A

AT LEAST 5 sheep / cat up to 20 samples -> singles, twins, triplets

37
Q

What do we look at one a metabolic profile?

A
  • Beta hydroxybutyrate B-OHB
  • UreaN/Albumin
  • Mg
  • Copper
38
Q

Describe- Beta hydroxybutyrate B-OHB

A

Ketone body produced by liver in animals with negative energy balance due to metabolism of fat as energy source

39
Q

Describe UreaN/ albumin

A
  • Markers of current protein intake: UreaN -> low intake = poor colostrum/ milk production and reduce lmab growth rate
  • Prod of protein from liver: albumin -> indicated liver damage or long term poor protein intake
40
Q

Mg?

A

indicator of Ca metabolism - cofactor involved in regulating levels in blood

41
Q

Copper?

A
  • Low copper = swayback in lambs
  • Copper tox = problem in sheep so check levels before supp
42
Q

What approach to recumbent ewe at lambing?

A
  • Nutritional causes
  • Hisotry & CE : Listeria? HypoCa prelambing ? HypoMg post lambing?

Ca/ Mg/ Glucose -> whatever the cause these likely to result in 2ary metabolic dx

43
Q
A

VMS4008 (42 decks)

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