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VMS4008 > Health management of the neonatal lamb > Flashcards

Health management of the neonatal lamb Flashcards

1
Q

Normal temp of Lamb?

A

39.0-40.0

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2
Q

HR & RR of lamb?

A

80-100 bpm HR
35-50 bpm RR

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3
Q

When do the biggest losses of lambs happen?

A

0-48hrs

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4
Q

What losses at birth can we see?

A
  • Stillbirth (dystocia or prolonged parturition)
  • Asphyxia in membranes
  • Severe congenital abnormalities
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5
Q

How do we reduce losses at lambing/birth?

A
  • Replacement of ewes/ problematic ones
  • US to identify multiples
  • BCS and nutrition management
  • availability of skilled labour at lambing
  • Tup selection
  • Ram harness/ identification of tupping time
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6
Q

What are some common diseases of the newborn (1-3 days old)

A
  • Starvation and hypothermia
  • Watery mouth
  • Infectious disease causing weak lambs
  • Disease causing poor production in ewe
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7
Q

What infectious dx causing weak lambs?

A
  • Border dx
  • Toxoplasmosis
  • Enzootic abortion
  • Salmonella
  • Campylobacter fetus
  • Listeria monocytogenes
  • Pasteurella
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8
Q

Disease causing poor production in ewe?

A
  • Johne’s
  • MAedi visna
  • Mastitis
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9
Q

What risk factors to starvation & hypothermia?

A
  • Small weak lamb with low birth rate -> <3.5 kg UNDERWEIGHT !
  • Low/ no milk supply
  • Poor ewe nutrition
  • inclement weather/ no shelter
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10
Q

CLs of starvation & hypothermia?

A
  • Small weakly lambs
  • Dull and depressed
  • Lethargic
  • Recumbent
  • Not suckling
  • Sub-normal temperature <37⁰
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11
Q

Detail colostrum management?

A
  • 50ml/kg in first 4-6hrs
  • Can check TP (>65g/L adequate passive transfer)
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12
Q

Hypothermic/ glycaemic lambs?

A
  • Warming box 45°C
  • 20% dextrose IP 10ml/kg
  • Milk tubing 50ml/kg
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13
Q

prevention & management of death due to starvation & hypothermia?

A
  • CORRECT NUTRITION OF EWES
  • otherwise will get small lambs more prone to this death

Poor energy levels = poor lamb growth in utero + poor colostrum prod

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14
Q

How do we assess nutrition?

A
  • BCS
  • Take BHB blood samples 4-6 weeks pre-lambing
  • Assess protein levels
  • Assess feed allocations/ weights and feed space
  • Metabolic profiling
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15
Q

Detail resultus of BHB testing

A
  • 15-20 total, split between twins and triplets
  • Target <1.0 mmol/L
  • > 1.6 mmol/L = severe energy deficient
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16
Q

Detail protein level assessment

A
  • BUN for short term protein intake
  • Albumin for longer term protein status
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17
Q

How can we minimise deaths at birth from this?

A
  • Careful close monitoring of new lambs born
  • Colostrum administration protocol?
  • Replacement colostrum?
  • Improving ewe nutrition from now on- increasing
    concentrate feeding slowly
  • Freezing of colostrum for future
  • Training of labour/personnel
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18
Q

What pathogenesis of watery mouth?

A
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19
Q

CLS of watery mouth?

A
  • Dull, depressed, reluctant to suck
  • Profuse salivation
  • Abdominal distension +/- retained meconium
  • Diarrhoea
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20
Q

Tx for watery mouth?

A
  • Warm soapy water enema
  • supportibe oral fluids 50ml/kg
  • Oral aminoglycoside in mild cases
  • Im amoxicillin in bacteremia cases -> aminoGs not absorbed through gut in these lambs
  • NSAID
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21
Q

Prevention against watery mouth?

A
  • HYGIENE especially lambing pens
  • Ensure adequate and timely colostrum
    ingestion
  • Oral AB should not be use as
    prevention!
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22
Q

how do infectious diseases cause weak lambs?

A

Not always directly causing losses
Cause weak lambs → less likely to get adequate colostrum intake → susceptible to
hypothermia/bacteraemia/septicaemia

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23
Q

Describe border dx?

A
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24
Q

Swayback?

A
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25
Q

Toxo?

A
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26
Q

What common diseases of lambs <2 weeks?

A
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27
Q

Common dx lambs 2-4 weeks?

A
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28
Q

Common dx lambs >6weks?

A
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29
Q

What is the main seen umbilical pathology ?

A

Omphalitis

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30
Q

Describe Omphalitis

A
  • Infection may be present with a distended, hot and painful
    navel +/- discharge
  • +/- pyrexia
  • The infection may extend internally affecting the umbilical
    structures and liver.
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31
Q

What happens if omphalitis turns septic?

A

may also give rise to peritonitis,
bacteraemia/septicaemia causing joint ill, meningitis and
internal organ abscessation (commonly liver).

32
Q

When do they get omphalitis?

A

10-14 days old

33
Q

Tx omphalitis?

A

Broad spec ABs & NSAID

34
Q

Prevention omphalitis?

A

Navel dipping iodine & hygiene
Colosturm intake

35
Q

What causes joint ill / infectious polyarthritis?

A

Streptococcus dysgalactiae +/- E. rhusiopathiae

36
Q

Why do we get joint ill?

A
  • Development bc infection of the umbilicus after birth
37
Q

What CLS of Joint ill?

A
  • Swollen, hot painful joints -> May be only one
    Or multiple joints affected
  • Lameness, reluctance to stand/move
  • Pyrexia
38
Q

Tx for joint ill?

A
  • Can be difficult to resolve
  • Long term treatment may not be financially viable
  • Broad spectrum antibiosis with joint penetration
  • NSAIDs
39
Q

What is the name of ORF?

A

Contagious Pustular Dermatitis

40
Q

What kind of infectious agent is ORF?

A

PARAPOXVIRUS
zoonotic
very resistant to disinfection

41
Q

CLs of ORf?

A
  • Lesions sometimes found on the
    feet and in udders
  • The lesions develop as papules
    and progress through vesicular
    and pustular stages before
    encrusting
  • Inappetence and condition loss
42
Q

How long do orf signs take to resolve?

A

1-4 weeks

43
Q

What DDX for ORf?

A

Staphylococcal dermatitis
Dermatophilus congolensis

44
Q

Tx & control of Orf?

A

Antimicrobials for secondary bacterial
infection
Fly control – myiasis
Vaccination

45
Q

What causes lamb dysentry

A

Clostridium perfringens type B

46
Q

What does Clostridium cause?

A

produces a highly necrotizing and lethal beta toxin responsible for severe intestinal damage

47
Q

what features of lamb dysentery?

A

sudden death or diarrhoea, dysentery, and toxaemia
* Dull, depressed, abdominal pain

48
Q

On PME what is characteristic lesion of lamb dysentery?

A

emphysema of jejunal mucosa

49
Q

Risk factors for lamb dysentery?

A

Ewe not vaccinated, FPT, dirty lambing pen
Other causes of poor colostrum quality or intake

50
Q

Prevention lamb D?

A

ewe vacc & colostrum intake

51
Q

Describe cryptosporidium infectious agent

A

C. parvum - not host specific
Zoonotic
- Loss of villi -> dec absorption ewacerbates rotavirus infection

52
Q

Causes of crypto?

A
  • overcrowding, poor hygiene and use of the
    same fields for lambing every year.
  • Poor colostrum!
53
Q

CLS of crypto?

A
  • Depressed
  • Reluctance to suck
  • Profuse Diarrhoea → dehydration
  • Lambs can be asymptomatic
  • Affected growth rates and finishing times
54
Q

Diagnosis & Tx crypto?

A

Dx: faecal smear and stain with modified ZN
Tx: oral rehydration/ supportive

55
Q

Prevention of crypto?

A
  • Colostrum and hygiene
  • Reduce overstocking
  • Rotation of fields
  • Disinfect environment with steam cleaning
    and ammonia-based disinfectants
56
Q

Coccidiosis Describe

A
  • in cincisdence
  • Variable pathogenicity species
  • Affected 4-8 weeks old on waning of MDAs
57
Q

Clinical dx caused by what (coccidiosis) ?

A
  • Eimeria ovinoidalis
  • Eimeria crandallis
58
Q

Where does cocccidiosis affet?

A

Invasion of gut cells, multiplication and burst gut cells causing gut damage

59
Q

What risk factors to coccidiosis?

A
  • Intensive conditions
  • COntamination from ewes
60
Q

Coccidiosis lifecycle?

A
61
Q

CLs of Coccidiosis

A
  • D+ with mucus and blood dullness, poor, lethargic
  • Lost ‘bloom’
  • Poor growth rates -> weight loss
  • D+ +/- faecal soiling -> dehydration -> +/- death
  • Slow recovery after tx d/t villus atrophy
  • Concurrent infection with nematodirus -> inc severity
62
Q

Diagnosis of cocci?

A
  • CLs & presentation
  • Mismatch between oocyt count and clinical signs
    -> CLS associated with developing stages before peak oocyst prod
  • Speciation
63
Q

Tx for cocci?

A

Diclazuril (Vecoxan), Toltrazuril (Baycox), Decoquinate (Deccox-Feed) all used
in treatment and management/prevention

64
Q

Prevention Cocci

A

Improve environmentla hygiene - clean between batches - reduce stocking density
Grazing rotation, manage feeding areas, strategic dosing of anticoccidials

65
Q

What are the two main risk factors to cocci?

A

High oocyte challenge
suceptible lambs

66
Q

Describe high oocyst challenge

A
  • Faeces in water or food supply
  • Dirty conditions
  • Heavily stocked
  • Older lambs previously in field
67
Q

Describe Susceptible lambs?

A
  • 4-12 weeks
  • No previous exposure to coccidia
  • Stress due to cold, wet weather
  • Stress due to poor nutrition
68
Q

Tx & Control for Cocci?

A
  • Anticoccidials
  • Inprove environmental hygiene
  • Reduces stocking density
  • Grazing rotatition
69
Q

What anticocccidials can we use?

A
  • Diclazuril (Vecoxan)
  • Toltrazuril (Baycox)
  • Decoquinate (Deccox – feed)
  • Treatment & prevention
    (~ 3 weeks of age)
70
Q

Describe White muscle disease?

A
  • Skeletal , cardiac, and respiratory muscles esp susceptible
  • usually seen in rapidly growing lambs aged 2-6 weeks (sudden onset stiffness and reluctance to move progresses to recumbency) if cardiac SD
71
Q

Diagnosis of WMD?

A

CLs
- Can check GSHPx for Se levels and alpha-tocopherol for Vit E
- Can o histo of myocardium

72
Q

Tx of WMD?

A
  • Parenteral Se and Vit E
  • supplement diet
73
Q

Prevention of WMD?

A
  • Adequate inclusion in diet of late gestation
    ewes
  • Strategic injection of Vit E / Selenium (e.g.
    3rd month gestation)
  • Drenches and boluses
74
Q

What other names of WMD?

A

White muscle disease, stiff lamb disease, nutritional
myopathy, nutritional muscular dystrophy

75
Q

BIological role of Selenium/vitE

A

Powerful antioxidant
Immune function

76
Q

Risk factors to WMD?

A

Low soil selenium content
Depletion of Vitamin E in conserved forages
Feeding only home-grown foods
Use of preservatives on forages / cereals
Artificial fertilisers → rapid grass growth

77
Q

Tx for Leg fractures?

A
  • Apply cast/ splint under GA (propofol off license, volatile G ain practice, can use lumboS epidural for HL)
  • Correct alignment for best healing and return to function
  • Extend cast from foot to the first joint proximal to the fracture

VMS4008 (42 decks)

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