Goat Medicine 1 & 2 Flashcards
Body condition scoring in Goat Medicine?
- Lumbar and Sternal Scoring
- Average or double figure
- Fat deposits not in same place as sheep
- Don’t compare to sheep BCS
- Practice
Describe using Local anesthetic in Goats?
- Very susceptible to local
- Toxic at very small doses
- If using mix dilute in water for injection
- 5mg/ml Lidocaine (apply to procaine) dose = 30kg goat = 1.5ml 50mg/ml adrenacaine
Goat disbudding?
- Legally must be done by a Vet
- Horn growth rapid - disbud b/ 2-7 days
- Not the same as disbudding a calf
- Local anesthetics not well tolerated -> low toxic dose
What to be careful when disbudding?
Very thin skull - easy to fracture skull-easy to cook brain
Should we deHORN?
NO avoid!
what does pseudopreg look like in goats?
Abdominal Enlargement.
Udder development.
physiological false preg in goat?
Associated with persistent CL.
Prostaglandin 2 doses 12 days apart of Lutalyse
PGE in goat?
- Limited immunity with age
- Differ from sheep
- Worming treatments needed throughout life
- Housing is usually necessary for large herds
- Limited grazing with many holdings/farms
- Limited licenced anthelmintics
monitoring for parasites?
REGULAR FAECAL EGG COUNTING AND
MONITORING
why do we get PGE
- Lack of available grazing
- Lack of ability to rotate pasture
- Significant egg numbers excreted
- Pasture ends up with very high burdens
which aetiologies to PGE?
Teladorsagia (Abomasum)
Trichostrongylus (Small intestine)
Nematodirrus (Small intestine)
Haemonchus (Abomasum)
(Moniezia)
Fluke- Fasciola Heptacia
How to avoid Parasitic gastroenteritis?
Avoid co-grazing with sheep and camelids
- need goat-specific health plans as parasites/host interaction different
Describe Haemonchus Contortus
- Late summer
- No D+
- Anaemia
- Hypoproteinaemia - bottle jaw
- Listessness
- Death
- More susceptible than sheep?
Describe Fluke?
- Not common
- Needs to be on DDX list as possible
- Acute & chronic fluke poss
- Dx on Hx and CE?
Acute Fluke?
= sudden death from pre-patent fluke through the liver
* Diagnosis on PM
Chronic Fluke?
= adult fluke in liver causing weight loss/ poor
performance
* Diagnosed with FEC- sediment test
Use of FLukicides yes or no?
Can be toxic & fatal - use sheep dose DO NOT INC DOSE
Describe Eprinex or Epricis?
- Licenced product
- Eprinex=Pour on product
- Epricis=Injectable
- Should we be using other products too?
- Nil milk withhold
Oral anthelmintics vs injectables?
Oral anthelmintics perform better that injectables and pour ons
Anthelmintic dose rates?
- Goat dose different to sheep dose
Correct use
- Education of owners on wormer groups
- Education on owners of the application and storage of
products - In date drugs?
- Naïve livestock keepers?
SCOPS principles?
- Dose to heaviest weight not average weight
- Correct calculations for dosage made
- Accurate weights!
What infectious dx does CAE stand for?
Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis
CAE (/Maedi Visna) Signs?
- Lameness
- Swollen joints -> Carpal joint
- Weight loss
- Reduced milk production -> One side of udder fibrosed
Source of infection of CAE?
CAE diagnosis?
- Serology- Antibodies
- Antibody +ve= Viraemia
- Clinical cases = Antibody +ve
- Serology can be used for screening
-> False negatives in kids <6 months
CAE slow or fast?
- Slow, insidious, can infect herd with very little/ no clinical signs for years
- Chronically infected. Cannot clear virus
TX for CAE?
No treatment
No vaccine
Test (serology) and cull
Johnes name?
Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis
Johne’s signs?
- wasting
- Anaemia
- Poor milk yields
- Faeces unchanged until very late stages
Diagnosis same as cattle?
yes
Faeces- Culture OR PCR
PME- Gross features and Histopathology
Serology- ELISA- beware of negative result
Johnes pathoG?
Johne’s colostrum management?
Avoid feeding pooled colostrum or milk to kids
Snatch kids and rear separately=Avoid feeding colostrum from known positive animals to their own kid
Hygiene for Johne’s ?
Clean feeding environment
Isolate known positives around kidding time as more likely to shed
Culling policy for Johne’s?
Culling antibody positive animals- difficult with pet animals if clinical signs are
not a welfare issue
Vaccination for Johne’s?
not available in UK but licensed in goats and possible to import
What is Caseous Lymphadenitis (CLA)?
C O R Y N E B A C T E R I U M P S E U D O T U B E R C U L O S I S
Describe what CLA is in goats?
- Increasing incidence in older animals
- Swollen pus-filled abscess at site of superficial lymph nodes
- Also affect lymph nodes of internal organs
Source of infection in CLA?
- Directly sheep to sheep
- Borrowed equipment
- Shearing equipment/shearing wounds
Diagnosis for CLA?
- Culture of the pus (need the very middle of abscess)
- Serology -> Late stages serology can be falsely negative
Tx for CLA?
- Culling of +ve animals?
- Usually unsuccessful due to intracellular bacteria within the abscess
- Lancing and flushing?
What diseases of poor husbandry?
- Bloat/ acidosis
- Metabolic dx
- Urolithiasis
Describe Acute ruminal acidosis?
- Free gas bloat or frothy bloat
- Sudden onset- getting into feed, an
obstruction to eructation, extended time in
right lateral recumbency - Can lead to metabolic acidosis
How to manage acute acidosis?
- Deflate goat
> Oral deflation
> Rumenectomy - Antibiotics
- NSAIDs
- Supportive care
- Transfaunation?
Chronic Ruminal Acidosis ?
- Inadequate forage provision-misbalance of microbes
- Frothing green discharge,
- Hx mild discomfort or distended abdomen that comes and goes,
- Poor body condition despite the excess concentrate feeding, on/off
diarrhoea - Environment- hay on floor, reluctant to eat forage/grass paddocks
only available
Tx for chronic bloat?
- Antacids/ educate clients
- Antibiotics
what nutritional / metabolic dx in goats?
- Rhododendron poisoning
- Profuse projectile ruminal contents
- Green vomiting and green froth seen round the mouth
- Cardiotoxic
Tx of nutritional/metabolic diseases?
- Treat cardiotoxic effects. Binds sodium channels -> Causes bradycardia
Raise HR with caffeine! - Absorb any more plant within the rumen/encourage it to pass through asap to avoid more digestion
- Charcoal/oil?
Other TX for rhodoD poisoning?
- Pain releif - NSAIDs, Buscopan - Antibiotics -changes in rumen flora
- AND risk of ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA
Describe urolithiasis in Goat MEdicine?
- Small calculi develop in the bladder
- Young castrated males? Females affected?
- Diet is the biggest risk factor to the development of urinal
calculi, reduced water intake, urinary stasis and
increasing urine pH all risk factors
CLS of urolithiasis?
- Straining +++- sometimes difficult for owners to know if
straining to urinate or defaecate - Urinating little and often/dribbling/not a full stream seen
- Very uncomfortable/painful- ‘colic-like symptoms’
- Dried crystals around prepuce ??
- Rectal examination- pulsating urethra
- Often an
Why do we see a certain type of stone and which type?
Struvite – phosphate magnesium and
ammonium
Grain high in phosphate, reduced
rumination= less phosphate recycling
Medical tx for urolithaisis?
- Buscopan, NSAIDs, increase water intake
- Cross your fingers?
- Urinary Acidifiers
Surgical tx for urolithiasis?
- Remove Urethral Process
- Referral surgery
- Tube cystotomy - allow urethra and tissues to recover/
stones within the urethra to dissolve - Perineal urethrostomy- New opening made in perineal
area if blockage is distal to this. Animal urinates
backwards and down like a female - Poor prognosis
what main two areas of urolithiais?
- Provide adequate fresh water
- Diet
What diet components of prevention of urolithiasis?
- High concentrate diets have
approx 1:1 calcium/phosphorus
– This ratio should be 2:1 - Animals with low forage diet →
poorer rumination →reduced
saliva production, saliva high in
phosphorus → reduced
excretion of phos?
What other goat diseases?
- C.Perfringens - enterotox
- Coccidiosis
- Neonatal D+ in kids
- Listeriosis
- EctoPs
- Metabolic dx
- Resp dx
- TB
- Lameness
- CODD
- Orf
Describe C perfringens in goats?
Commensal- trigger factors
* Acidosis and overfeeding
* Sudden change in
diet/husbandry
* Concurrent illness/injury
‘stress’
What two types of C Perfringens infections?
- Peracute and sudden death
- Subacute, profuse mucoid haemorrhagic scour
Vaccination against clostridial diseases?
- Multivariant vaccine so covers several clostridial diseases
- Regular boosters
- 6 monthly
- Even more regularly if required
Clostridial dx susceptibility in goats?
- Goats only susceptible to a few of clostridial diseases.
- Goat immunity= poor
- Use lowest valency vaccine without Pasteurella antigen
Describe Cocci in goats?
One of the most important diseases of goat kids
Immunity is quickly acquired
Different species to sheep- no cross transmission
Self-infection- i.e infection and multiplication of eggs
Risk factors- housed, heavily soiled, damp bedding, heavily
stocked pastures
Disgns of Cocci in goat?
WL, D+, Anorexia
Diagnosis of Cocci?
FEC but discrepancies should be investigated
TX for Coccidiosis?
No licenced drugs
Deccoquinate in feed, Diclazuril/toltrazuril oral dosing
1-2mg/kg of diclazuril 2-4 weeks old
What can cause neonatal D+ in Kids?
E coli
Salmonella
Rotavirus
Cryptosporidia
Non infectious neonatal D+ in kids?
Poor feeding protocol
Too dilute milk substitute
Haphazard feeding pattern
Dirty utensils.
Listeriosis in goat?
One sided neurological signs
* Drooling/hypersalivation
* Nystagmus
* Dropping ear/asymmetry of face
* Pyrexia
* Lethargy and inappetence
Diagnosis of Listeriosis?
CSF? Pathology/PM
- Diagnosis based off on farm history and presentation
Listeriosis TX?
Antibiotics- blood brain barrier
* Penicillins, oxytetracycline, potentiated sulphonamides
* High doses, twice the dose, twice the frequency
- NSAIDs
- Steroid?
- Fluids!! – very dehydrated due to salivary losses
- General nursing care
What extoparasites are goats prone to?
- Susceptible to mites and lice
- Chorioptic mange most common
- Scabbing and pruritis lower limbs, around nose/eyes
and under the belly - Obvious behaviour- itching
- Sarcoptes and Psoroptes also cause mange
Other skin conditions?
- Ringworm
- Pygmy goat syndrome - keratinisation disorder . non pruritic
Most common metabolic dx?
Pregnancy toxaemia:
* Overfat doe
* Multiple kids
* Anorexic, lethargic, neurological signs, recumbency
* Reduced rumen space due to kids/lambs
Hypocalcaemia?
- Late pregnancy pre-kidding
- Immediately post partum- post kidding
- Subclinical? Depressed and dull around kidding but non-specific
Management of hypoCal?
- Apply sheep management and control of nutrition
- Propylene glycol
- Calcium S/C
- Nutrition 4-6 weeks before kidding
- Metabolic profiles
What most common cause of Pasteurella ?
- Pasteurella multocida
- Manhaemia haemolytica
describe pastuerella in goat?
- Acute or subacute. Respiratory signs rather than the
septicaemic form as discussed in sheep - Live animals presented with significant respiratory disease
- Prognosis guarded
- ‘SHOW COUGH’- transportation/stress cause?
Lungworm in goats?
not common, exercise intolerance. Non-specific signs
Bovine TB in goats?
- Any goats are at risk
- No regular testing required unless APHA request it as in an area of uncontrolled bovine TB
Lameness causes ?
- Overgrown feet
- Foot rot
- Trauma
- CODD
Overgrown feet?
- More so than seen in sheep? Due to wet environments with little hard ground
- Can cause significant lameness
- Pet animals?
Foot rot?
- Fusobacterium nodosus + Fusobacterium necrophoram
- Seen in a similar presentation to sheep- infection of interdigital space and
underrunning of horn - Less severe cases? Usually scald
- Seen in housed goats
- Outbreaks seen in housed goats if bedding wet and heavily soiled
What other important disease can happen in goats? ORF
