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VMS4008 > Goat Medicine 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Goat Medicine 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Body condition scoring in Goat Medicine?

A
  • Lumbar and Sternal Scoring
  • Average or double figure
  • Fat deposits not in same place as sheep
  • Don’t compare to sheep BCS
  • Practice
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2
Q

Describe using Local anesthetic in Goats?

A
  • Very susceptible to local
  • Toxic at very small doses
  • If using mix dilute in water for injection
  • 5mg/ml Lidocaine (apply to procaine) dose = 30kg goat = 1.5ml 50mg/ml adrenacaine
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3
Q

Goat disbudding?

A
  • Legally must be done by a Vet
  • Horn growth rapid - disbud b/ 2-7 days
  • Not the same as disbudding a calf
  • Local anesthetics not well tolerated -> low toxic dose
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4
Q

What to be careful when disbudding?

A

Very thin skull - easy to fracture skull-easy to cook brain

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5
Q

Should we deHORN?

A

NO avoid!

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6
Q

what does pseudopreg look like in goats?

A

Abdominal Enlargement.
Udder development.

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7
Q

physiological false preg in goat?

A

Associated with persistent CL.
Prostaglandin 2 doses 12 days apart of Lutalyse

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8
Q

PGE in goat?

A
  • Limited immunity with age
  • Differ from sheep
  • Worming treatments needed throughout life
  • Housing is usually necessary for large herds
  • Limited grazing with many holdings/farms
  • Limited licenced anthelmintics
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9
Q

monitoring for parasites?

A

REGULAR FAECAL EGG COUNTING AND
MONITORING

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10
Q

why do we get PGE

A
  • Lack of available grazing
  • Lack of ability to rotate pasture
  • Significant egg numbers excreted
  • Pasture ends up with very high burdens
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11
Q

which aetiologies to PGE?

A

Teladorsagia (Abomasum)
Trichostrongylus (Small intestine)
Nematodirrus (Small intestine)
Haemonchus (Abomasum)
(Moniezia)
Fluke- Fasciola Heptacia

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12
Q

How to avoid Parasitic gastroenteritis?

A

Avoid co-grazing with sheep and camelids
- need goat-specific health plans as parasites/host interaction different

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13
Q

Describe Haemonchus Contortus

A
  • Late summer
  • No D+
  • Anaemia
  • Hypoproteinaemia - bottle jaw
  • Listessness
  • Death
  • More susceptible than sheep?
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14
Q

Describe Fluke?

A
  • Not common
  • Needs to be on DDX list as possible
  • Acute & chronic fluke poss
  • Dx on Hx and CE?
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15
Q

Acute Fluke?

A

= sudden death from pre-patent fluke through the liver
* Diagnosis on PM

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16
Q

Chronic Fluke?

A

= adult fluke in liver causing weight loss/ poor
performance
* Diagnosed with FEC- sediment test

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17
Q

Use of FLukicides yes or no?

A

Can be toxic & fatal - use sheep dose DO NOT INC DOSE

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18
Q

Describe Eprinex or Epricis?

A
  • Licenced product
  • Eprinex=Pour on product
  • Epricis=Injectable
  • Should we be using other products too?
  • Nil milk withhold
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19
Q

Oral anthelmintics vs injectables?

A

Oral anthelmintics perform better that injectables and pour ons

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20
Q

Anthelmintic dose rates?

A
  • Goat dose different to sheep dose
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21
Q

Correct use

A
  • Education of owners on wormer groups
  • Education on owners of the application and storage of
    products
  • In date drugs?
  • Naïve livestock keepers?
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22
Q

SCOPS principles?

A
  • Dose to heaviest weight not average weight
  • Correct calculations for dosage made
  • Accurate weights!
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23
Q

What infectious dx does CAE stand for?

A

Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis

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24
Q

CAE (/Maedi Visna) Signs?

A
  • Lameness
  • Swollen joints -> Carpal joint
  • Weight loss
  • Reduced milk production -> One side of udder fibrosed
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25
Q

Source of infection of CAE?

A
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26
Q

CAE diagnosis?

A
  • Serology- Antibodies
  • Antibody +ve= Viraemia
  • Clinical cases = Antibody +ve
  • Serology can be used for screening
    -> False negatives in kids <6 months
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27
Q

CAE slow or fast?

A
  • Slow, insidious, can infect herd with very little/ no clinical signs for years
  • Chronically infected. Cannot clear virus
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28
Q

TX for CAE?

A

No treatment
No vaccine
Test (serology) and cull

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29
Q

Johnes name?

A

Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis

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30
Q

Johne’s signs?

A
  • wasting
  • Anaemia
  • Poor milk yields
  • Faeces unchanged until very late stages
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31
Q

Diagnosis same as cattle?

A

yes
Faeces- Culture OR PCR
PME- Gross features and Histopathology
Serology- ELISA- beware of negative result

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32
Q

Johnes pathoG?

A
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33
Q

Johne’s colostrum management?

A

Avoid feeding pooled colostrum or milk to kids

Snatch kids and rear separately=Avoid feeding colostrum from known positive animals to their own kid

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34
Q

Hygiene for Johne’s ?

A

Clean feeding environment
Isolate known positives around kidding time as more likely to shed

35
Q

Culling policy for Johne’s?

A

Culling antibody positive animals- difficult with pet animals if clinical signs are
not a welfare issue

36
Q

Vaccination for Johne’s?

A

not available in UK but licensed in goats and possible to import

37
Q

What is Caseous Lymphadenitis (CLA)?

A

C O R Y N E B A C T E R I U M P S E U D O T U B E R C U L O S I S

38
Q

Describe what CLA is in goats?

A
  • Increasing incidence in older animals
  • Swollen pus-filled abscess at site of superficial lymph nodes
  • Also affect lymph nodes of internal organs
39
Q

Source of infection in CLA?

A
  • Directly sheep to sheep
  • Borrowed equipment
  • Shearing equipment/shearing wounds
40
Q

Diagnosis for CLA?

A
  • Culture of the pus (need the very middle of abscess)
  • Serology -> Late stages serology can be falsely negative
41
Q

Tx for CLA?

A
  • Culling of +ve animals?
  • Usually unsuccessful due to intracellular bacteria within the abscess
  • Lancing and flushing?
42
Q

What diseases of poor husbandry?

A
  • Bloat/ acidosis
  • Metabolic dx
  • Urolithiasis
43
Q

Describe Acute ruminal acidosis?

A
  • Free gas bloat or frothy bloat
  • Sudden onset- getting into feed, an
    obstruction to eructation, extended time in
    right lateral recumbency
  • Can lead to metabolic acidosis
44
Q

How to manage acute acidosis?

A
  • Deflate goat
    > Oral deflation
    > Rumenectomy
  • Antibiotics
  • NSAIDs
  • Supportive care
  • Transfaunation?
45
Q

Chronic Ruminal Acidosis ?

A
  • Inadequate forage provision-misbalance of microbes
  • Frothing green discharge,
  • Hx mild discomfort or distended abdomen that comes and goes,
  • Poor body condition despite the excess concentrate feeding, on/off
    diarrhoea
  • Environment- hay on floor, reluctant to eat forage/grass paddocks
    only available
46
Q

Tx for chronic bloat?

A
  • Antacids/ educate clients
  • Antibiotics
47
Q

what nutritional / metabolic dx in goats?

A
  • Rhododendron poisoning
  • Profuse projectile ruminal contents
  • Green vomiting and green froth seen round the mouth
  • Cardiotoxic
48
Q

Tx of nutritional/metabolic diseases?

A
  • Treat cardiotoxic effects. Binds sodium channels -> Causes bradycardia
    Raise HR with caffeine!
  • Absorb any more plant within the rumen/encourage it to pass through asap to avoid more digestion
  • Charcoal/oil?
49
Q

Other TX for rhodoD poisoning?

A
  • Pain releif - NSAIDs, Buscopan - Antibiotics -changes in rumen flora
  • AND risk of ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA
50
Q

Describe urolithiasis in Goat MEdicine?

A
  • Small calculi develop in the bladder
  • Young castrated males? Females affected?
  • Diet is the biggest risk factor to the development of urinal
    calculi, reduced water intake, urinary stasis and
    increasing urine pH all risk factors
51
Q

CLS of urolithiasis?

A
  • Straining +++- sometimes difficult for owners to know if
    straining to urinate or defaecate
  • Urinating little and often/dribbling/not a full stream seen
  • Very uncomfortable/painful- ‘colic-like symptoms’
  • Dried crystals around prepuce ??
  • Rectal examination- pulsating urethra
  • Often an
52
Q

Why do we see a certain type of stone and which type?

A

Struvite – phosphate magnesium and
ammonium

Grain high in phosphate, reduced
rumination= less phosphate recycling

53
Q

Medical tx for urolithaisis?

A
  • Buscopan, NSAIDs, increase water intake
  • Cross your fingers?
  • Urinary Acidifiers
54
Q

Surgical tx for urolithiasis?

A
  • Remove Urethral Process
  • Referral surgery
  • Tube cystotomy - allow urethra and tissues to recover/
    stones within the urethra to dissolve
  • Perineal urethrostomy- New opening made in perineal
    area if blockage is distal to this. Animal urinates
    backwards and down like a female
  • Poor prognosis
55
Q

what main two areas of urolithiais?

A
  • Provide adequate fresh water
  • Diet
56
Q

What diet components of prevention of urolithiasis?

A
  • High concentrate diets have
    approx 1:1 calcium/phosphorus
    – This ratio should be 2:1
  • Animals with low forage diet →
    poorer rumination →reduced
    saliva production, saliva high in
    phosphorus → reduced
    excretion of phos?
57
Q

What other goat diseases?

A
  • C.Perfringens - enterotox
  • Coccidiosis
  • Neonatal D+ in kids
  • Listeriosis
  • EctoPs
  • Metabolic dx
  • Resp dx
  • TB
  • Lameness
  • CODD
  • Orf
58
Q

Describe C perfringens in goats?

A

Commensal- trigger factors
* Acidosis and overfeeding
* Sudden change in
diet/husbandry
* Concurrent illness/injury
‘stress’

59
Q

What two types of C Perfringens infections?

A
  • Peracute and sudden death
  • Subacute, profuse mucoid haemorrhagic scour
60
Q

Vaccination against clostridial diseases?

A
  • Multivariant vaccine so covers several clostridial diseases
  • Regular boosters
  • 6 monthly
  • Even more regularly if required
61
Q

Clostridial dx susceptibility in goats?

A
  • Goats only susceptible to a few of clostridial diseases.
  • Goat immunity= poor
  • Use lowest valency vaccine without Pasteurella antigen
62
Q

Describe Cocci in goats?

A

One of the most important diseases of goat kids
Immunity is quickly acquired
Different species to sheep- no cross transmission
Self-infection- i.e infection and multiplication of eggs
Risk factors- housed, heavily soiled, damp bedding, heavily
stocked pastures

63
Q

Disgns of Cocci in goat?

A

WL, D+, Anorexia

64
Q

Diagnosis of Cocci?

A

FEC but discrepancies should be investigated

65
Q

TX for Coccidiosis?

A

No licenced drugs
Deccoquinate in feed, Diclazuril/toltrazuril oral dosing
1-2mg/kg of diclazuril 2-4 weeks old

66
Q

What can cause neonatal D+ in Kids?

A

E coli
Salmonella
Rotavirus
Cryptosporidia

67
Q

Non infectious neonatal D+ in kids?

A

Poor feeding protocol
Too dilute milk substitute
Haphazard feeding pattern
Dirty utensils.

68
Q

Listeriosis in goat?

A

One sided neurological signs
* Drooling/hypersalivation
* Nystagmus
* Dropping ear/asymmetry of face
* Pyrexia
* Lethargy and inappetence

69
Q

Diagnosis of Listeriosis?

A

CSF? Pathology/PM
- Diagnosis based off on farm history and presentation

70
Q

Listeriosis TX?

A

Antibiotics- blood brain barrier
* Penicillins, oxytetracycline, potentiated sulphonamides
* High doses, twice the dose, twice the frequency

  • NSAIDs
  • Steroid?
  • Fluids!! – very dehydrated due to salivary losses
  • General nursing care
71
Q

What extoparasites are goats prone to?

A
  • Susceptible to mites and lice
  • Chorioptic mange most common
  • Scabbing and pruritis lower limbs, around nose/eyes
    and under the belly
  • Obvious behaviour- itching
  • Sarcoptes and Psoroptes also cause mange
72
Q

Other skin conditions?

A
  • Ringworm
  • Pygmy goat syndrome - keratinisation disorder . non pruritic
73
Q

Most common metabolic dx?

A

Pregnancy toxaemia:
* Overfat doe
* Multiple kids
* Anorexic, lethargic, neurological signs, recumbency
* Reduced rumen space due to kids/lambs

74
Q

Hypocalcaemia?

A
  • Late pregnancy pre-kidding
  • Immediately post partum- post kidding
  • Subclinical? Depressed and dull around kidding but non-specific
75
Q

Management of hypoCal?

A
  • Apply sheep management and control of nutrition
  • Propylene glycol
  • Calcium S/C
  • Nutrition 4-6 weeks before kidding
  • Metabolic profiles
76
Q

What most common cause of Pasteurella ?

A
  • Pasteurella multocida
  • Manhaemia haemolytica
77
Q

describe pastuerella in goat?

A
  • Acute or subacute. Respiratory signs rather than the
    septicaemic form as discussed in sheep
  • Live animals presented with significant respiratory disease
  • Prognosis guarded
  • ‘SHOW COUGH’- transportation/stress cause?
78
Q

Lungworm in goats?

A

not common, exercise intolerance. Non-specific signs

79
Q

Bovine TB in goats?

A
  • Any goats are at risk
  • No regular testing required unless APHA request it as in an area of uncontrolled bovine TB
80
Q

Lameness causes ?

A
  • Overgrown feet
  • Foot rot
  • Trauma
  • CODD
81
Q

Overgrown feet?

A
  • More so than seen in sheep? Due to wet environments with little hard ground
  • Can cause significant lameness
  • Pet animals?
82
Q

Foot rot?

A
  • Fusobacterium nodosus + Fusobacterium necrophoram
  • Seen in a similar presentation to sheep- infection of interdigital space and
    underrunning of horn
  • Less severe cases? Usually scald
  • Seen in housed goats
  • Outbreaks seen in housed goats if bedding wet and heavily soiled
83
Q

What other important disease can happen in goats? ORF

A

VMS4008 (37 decks)

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