Feline Infectious Disease Flashcards
What common Protozoa in cats?
- Trichomonas
- Giardia
- Toxoplasma gondii
- Babesia & leishmania (outside UK)
What is common Fungal dx?
- Dermatophytosis
- Aspergillus
- Cryptococcus
- E.cuniculi
Bacterial causes of infectious dx in cats?
- Chlamydia felis
- E.Coli
- Pasteurella multocida
- Bordatella bronchiseptica
- Campy, slotridia, slamonella
- Staph/strep
- MycoB
Virus causes of infectious dx?
- FHV
- FCV
- Coronavirus
- FIV
- FeLV
- Panleukopaenia
- Rabbies
What helminths do cats get?
Lungworm
Dirofilaria
What does Cat Flu Include?
FHV & FCV
Chlamydia felis ; Bordetella bronchiS ; Mycoplasma spp
common in kittens, secondary bact infections
CLs of Cat Flu?
- blepherospasm, nasal discharge, drooling (oral ulcers), open mouth
- HERPES = resp dx, skin dx, chronic nasal dx, ocular dx
Describe the FHV virus
DNA virus
Single serotype & little variation
Highly infectious
Transmission via oronasal route
Describe FCV virus
RNa virus
Single serotypes but variation between isolates
what can ‘cat flu’ be inactivated by?
By BLEACH
What most common transmission cat flu?
comonly with contact of clinical case
less common asymptomatic carrier
not common with fomites
shedding with herpes?
carriers common - hiding in nerves (trigeminal)
intermittent shedding reactivation with stress
(infectious to other cats when shedding)
Response variation in herpes presentation?
- Chronic clinical signs
- depends on immune system
testing for herpes virus?
PCR (but doesnt prove is cause/ cross reaction with vaccination strains)
Describe calicivirus
- shedding intermittent
- lifelong carriers uncommon
- acute & chronic dx
- detect with PCR
Signs of Cilicivirus?
SORE THORAT
- Resp dx
- Oral lesions
- Limping syndromes
- Variants causing fatal systemic dx
- Chornic gingivostomatitis?
Chronic results of FHV?
Corneal diseases
Herpes dermatitis
Chronic rhinosinusitis
Polyps
Laryngeal disease
NP stenosis
Tx for catflu?
Antivirals -> Famciclovir (££££)
Nutrition-> Feeding tubes
Nursing care
Analgesia
Nebulisation
Vaccination & cat flu?
Doesn’t prevent infection
Doesn’t prevent carriers
Does reduce clinical disease
Does reduce shedding
Prevention of Cat flu?
- stress & overcrowding (stress = shedding & dx)
- Breeding environments (quarantine protocols, avoid queen withhistory of flu, remove carriers, regular vacc to maximise MDI)
- Catteries & clinics -> hygiene & separation of cats
Describe Feline Panleukopaenia
- sudden death
- GI signs
- congenital cerebellar damage
- <50% survive
- Outbreaks in unvaccinated cats
wha else to know about feline panleukopaenia?
- Infectious in environment fornmonths
- vaccines provide lasting immunity
- Can titre test
Desc
Describe FIV & FeLV
- much less ocmmon in uk
- testing complex
- vaccination effetive prevention of FeLV
FIP - describe
- Feline coronavirus ubiquitous globally
- Highly contagious
- RNa virus
- High rate mutation
- 2 serotypes
who can get affected by FIP
CAN cause FIP but in the majority of cats it doesn’t
PAthogenesis of FIP?
- Feline enteric coronaV -> replicated in enterocytes, shed in faeces, avirulent/ mild
- Feline infectious peritonitis virus -> replicated in monocytes/ macrophages - mutation in host
What does FIP do?
FCoV replicating in macrophages in blood vessel walls ->
* Vasculitis/serositis
* Effusions
Perivascular granulomas->
* Liver
* Kidneys
* Brain
* Eyes
Describe variation of virulence with strains & other viral factors?
Host factors FIP?
Immune response (humoral immune responses & T-cell depletion both ↑ FIP),
genetics, breed, age (<2 years), sex (♂)
Environmental factors?
Stress (e.g. multicat households, neutering, vaccination), degree of FCoV
exposure for faeco-oral transmission (mutation more likely?)
Outcomes of FCov infections?
CLS OF CORONAV?
Effusions -yellow thick frothy if shaken
Neuro signs
Ocular dx
non specific presentation of FIP?
- lethargy
- inappetance
- weight loss
- V+/D+
FIP indicator presentations?
- Pyrexia
- Abdo distention
- Neuro
- Ocuar signs
- Dyspnoea
- Jaundice
Diagnosing FIP?
Not one test only
- CLs & signalment
- Biochem changes: globulins, bili
- Fluid: high protein, low cellularity
- Haem: non regen anaemia, microcytosis, neutropaenia
- Imaging: fluid, LNs,
- PCR/ immunohistochemistry
- Tx trials?
common haem/ biochem findings FIP?
lymphopenia
neutrophilia
anaemia
hyperglobulinaemia
hyperbilirubinaemia
Imaging for FIP?
POCUS scan for fluid?
Full US to detect lymphadenopathy
What molecular diagnostics ?
PCR on: fluids, histo, CSF, aqueous H, LN , …
What antiviral TX/ Cure to FIP?
Remedesvir & GS-441524
50mg tablets
Antibiotc use in cats?
- Overuse of higher tier AB
common in cats - Cephalosporin long-acting
injections over used - Always think about significance
of the bacteria you found - Consult the ISCAID guidelines
and PROTECT information
How do we interpret faecal PCR bacterial testing
lol difficult also spenny
Is bacteria the causes of acute V+, D+ and chronic enteropathies is CATS?
No -> therefore no ABs
Mycobacteria - describe?
Not common but increasing prevalence
Diagnosis can be difficult
Potentially serious zoonosis
Treatment prolonged and expensive
What are the types of MycoB?
Sources of infection ?
- Tuberculous group (from humans, M.bovis from cattle, badgers etc & M.microti from rodents & voles)
- Infected soil, water,sutaenous inoculation
- Rodent bites, ingestion of birds or rodents
What is M.Bovis infection in cats linked to?
Raw fed cats
Describe Zoonotic risks TB?
Reported with M.bovis
Cats naturally resistant to
M.tuberculosis
M.microti low risk
M.fortuitum cat to human is
reported
M.avium low risk
What signs of Mycoplasma can we see ? @
Non healing wounds
Skin lesions - leprosy
Eyes
How can we stage mycobacteria?
Stage with Xrays of chest
Treatment?
- Triple therapy -> Rifampicin, Clarithromycin, Fluroquinolones
- 3-6m therapy
- Facilitate owner compliance (liquid drugs, all drugs in one capsule, O tube?)
What other differential to remmeber that looks like TB?
Cow Pox (virus)
Describe Giardia
- Asymptomatic found
- Zoonotic potential
- Intermittent shedding -3d of faeces
- Reinfeciton common
- TX: fenbendazole
- diet & probiotics
Describe Trichomonas fetus
- young cats
- multicat households
- large bowel diarrhoea -> FAECAL INCONTINENCE
- often pedigree cats
Dx & Tx for tritrichomonas
- Fresh rectal smear
- culture
- PCr most acccurate
tx: ronidazole
TOXO risks?
Cats are a low risk to pregnant women
But sensible precautions
Handwashing after gardening and
washing veg + avoid raw meat
Cause of mainly neuro disease in cats
Key points on fungal infections
Dermatophytosis most common
in UK (by far)
In other countries fungal
infections more important
Fungal nasal infections possibly
underdiagnosed
Cryptococcus a big deal in other
countries
See ABCD info on fungal
treatment
